תוצאת חיפוש

שמואל עברון, אוסקר סדן, טיבריו עזרי ומרק גלזרמן

תיסמונת הכשל החיסוני הנרכש (תכח"נ) (AIDS) פרצה לפני כעשרים שנה, אך למרות זאת היא ממשיכה להתקדם לקראת פנדמיה. מעל 50 מיליון בני-אדם נדבקו במחלה ו-20 מיליון נפטרו ממנה. שני שלישים מכלל 36 מיליון הנשים של נגיף הכשל החיסוני הנרכש (HIV) (נכח"נ) מצויים באפריקה.

במדינת ישראל דווח עד דצמבר 2000 על 2,843 נשאים ו-165 חולים. אולם מספר הנשאים הוא ככל הנראה גדול יותר.

בהנחה שמספר הנשאים ימשיך לעלות, יש לצפות למספר גובר והולך של נשאיות נכח"נ הרות המגיעות לחדרי הניתוח או לחדרי הלידה. על המילדים, המרדימים והמנתחים להיות מודעים למחלה ולהכירה היטב, על-מנת להיות מודעים לכל השלכותיה על שיטות ההרדמה וליחסי-הגומלין בין חומרי ההרדמה לתרופות הניתנות לחולות אלה.

כמו-כן, מידע לגישות הטיפוליות החדשות כלפי יולדות, המבוססות על המיטען הנגיפי ודרגת החיסון של נשאיות נכח"נ או החולות בתכח"נ החיוני להפחתת שיעור ההדבקה. על הצוות הרפואי המטפל מוטלת האחריות לבצע הליכים טיפוליים בצורה בטוחה, תוך נקיטת אמצעי הזהירות הנדרשים.

אורן שבולת, רפעת ספדי, יפה אשור, אחמד עיד וירון אילן

סיבוכים עצביים בעקבות השתלת כבד מתרחשים בשכיחות גבוהה – ב-30%-90% מהמושתלים. סיבוכים אלה מייצגים מיגוון רחב של אטיולוגיות ומציבים לעתים בעיה איבחונית. סיבוכים עצביים יכולים להוות ביטוי למחלת כבד ראשונית שבעטיה עבר החולה השתלת כבד, או לנבוע ממיגוון רחב של הפרעות בחילוף- החומרים או בכלי-הדם. הטיפול מדכא החיסיון הניתן למושתלי כבד יכול אף הוא לגרום להפרעות עצביות, אם באופן ישיר כהשפעת-לוואי תרופתית ואם באופן עקיף בעקבות דיכוי חיסוני וזיהומים מזדמנים של מערכת העצבים המרכזית. במאמר זה יובאו שתי פרשות חולים לא שיגרתיות של סיבוכים נירולוגיים לאחר השתלת כבד.

(1) זאב ארינזון, (2) רינת פרידמן,

(1) מרכז גריאטרי פרידה שייף וורבורג, נתניה, (2) דיור מוגן "נופי השרון", נתניה

פרופפנון הידרוכלוריד (propafenone hydrochloride) הוא תכשיר נוגד הפרעות-קצב. בדרך כלל תרופה זו נסבלת היטב. יחד עם זאת, קיימות השפעות-לוואי כלליות וקרדיוואאסקולריות מנטילת תכשיר זה. השפעות הלוואי מתרחשות בד"כ במערכת העיכול ובמערכת הנירולוגית. השפעת הלוואי הנדירה ביותר היא פגיעה מסוג עימדון המרה. בספרות המקצועית דווח עד כה על חמישה חולים שלקו בעימדון מרה. תופעה זו מלווה בד"כ בסימנים קליניים, ועם הפסקת הטיפול בפרופפנון, חוזרים תיפקודי הכבד לערכים תקינים.

במאמר זה נסקרת הספרות המקצועית העוסקת בפגיעה בכבד עקב טיפול בפרופפנון, ומובאת פרשת חולה בת 73 עם שלושה אירועים של פגיעה בכבד על רקע טיפול בפרופפנון. דיווח על סקירת הספרות ופרשת החולה מטרתם להגביר את מודעות הרופאים לתופעה זו, על אף היותה נדירה.

Liver Failure with Coagulopathy in an Infant with Tyrosinemia

Moshe Nussinovitch, Gadi Campino, Rivka Shapira, Benjamin Voluvitz, Jacob Amir

Department of Pediatrics, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel

Tyrosinemia is an inherited autsomal recessive condition. We present a 5 week-old boy with this disorder. He was admitted because of a fever, vomiting and lethargy. The laboratory tests confirmed a coagulopathy with prolonged prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT) and a decreased serum fibrinogen. The a-fetoprotein level was markedly elevated. To confirm the diagnosis of tyrosinemia, quantitative urinary succinylacetone was measured. Although overt liver failure with coagulopathy may be part of the representation of tyrosinemia, a significant coagulopathy in the absence of overt signs of liver disease has not been emphasized as a clue to the diagnosis of this condition.

Selective Embolization of Hepatic Arteries in the Management of Severe Liver Trauma

Avraham Yitzhak¹, Gadi Shaked², Liliana Lupu³, Soli Mizrahi, Yoram Kluger⁴

¹Department of Surgery A, ²Trauma Service, ³Interventional Radiology, Soroka Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, and Trauma Service⁴, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

Two cases of severe hepatic injury in which selective hepatic artery embolization was used to control hemorrhage are presented. The first case is that of a 35 year old patient who sustained a severe liver injury after a car accident. A CAT scan of the abdomen revealed an AAST grade 5 liver injury, pooling of contrast material within the liver parenchyma, and blood within the peritoneal cavity. The patient was given fluid resuscitation and taken to angiography where bleeding from branches of the right hepatic artery was demonstrated. While angiography was being undertaken the hemodynamic status of the patient deteriorated, blood transfusion was started, and a selective embolization of the right hepatic artery was performed. The bleeding stopped promptly and hemodynamic stability was regained.

The second case is that of a 40 year old pedestrian run over by a car. Abdominal ultrasound revealed free fluid in the peritoneal cavity and the patient was rushed to the O.R. Crushed right lobe of the liver, and inferior vena cava and bowel tears were found. After perihepatic packing and resection of the right and sigmoid colons retrohepatic vena cava tear was repaired and perihepatic packing restored. The abdominal cavity was closed and the patient was taken to the ICU for the correction of hypothermia, metabolic acidosis, and coagulopathy that had developed during the surgery. After 8 hours in the ICU the patient was transferred for angiography and a selective embolization of branches of the right hepatic artery was performed.

The clinical course of the patients after angiographic embolization of the hepatic arteries is described and the literature that discusses the use of angiography and embolization of hepatic arteries after traumatic hepatic bleeding is reviewed.

EBV-Related Post-Transplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorder

D. Doron, O. Papo, O. Portnoy, E. Granot

Depts. of Pediatrics, Pathology, and Radiology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem

We describe a 4.5-year-old girl in whom post transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder was diagnosed 1 year after liver transplantation. She ran a complicated course with multiple organ involvement: respiratory failure which required mechanical ventilation, renal failure, bone marrow depression and severe protein-losing enteropathy.

Liver Surgery - Five Years of Experience

Franklin Greif, Moshe Rubin, Eitan Mor, Israel Nudelman, Arnold Sihon, Arie Figer, Alex Belinki, Shlomo Lelcuk

Hepatobiliary Unit and Depts. of Surgery B, Transplantation, Oncology and Radiology, Rabin Medical Center (Beilinson Campus) and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

Major hepatic resections have been associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In the past decade or so this has changed and such procedures are now done in increasing numbers. In the past 5 years we operated on 129 patients with benign or malignant hepatic lesions (75 females, 54 males; age-range 14-84). the reason for surgery was malignancy in 94 (72.9%) and benign lesions in 35 (27.1%). The most common indication for surgery was liver metastases secondary to colorectal cancer in 45% of all patients or 61.7% of those operated for malignancy. Primary liver cancer was the cause for liver resection in 13.2% of all patients or 18.1% for those with malignancy. Of the 35 patients with benign lesions the leading causes for surgery included: giant cavernous hemangioma, simple liver cysts, echinococcus cysts and focal nodular hyperplasia (11%, 22.8%, 20% and 14.3%, respectively).

76 patients underwent anatomical resection and 63 had either a nonanatomical resection or a different operation. Among the former the most common procedure was right hepatectomy (36) and among the later a nonanatomical resection equal to 1-3 Couinod segments (44). Operating time ranged from 55 min. to 8:41 hours with a mean of 3:31‏1:37. Mean hospital stay was 8.7‏5.8 days and 86.8% received between 0-2 units of blood. Overall mortality was 6.2% and 31.2% of the fatalities had cirrhosis. Overall mortality in noncirrhotic patients was 2.6%. The complication rate was 16.3% and only 7 patients (4.4%) were hospitalized in the intensive care unit. This indicates that major liver resections can be done safely, with morbidity and mortality similar to that of other major abdominal operations. 

Neurological Manifestations of Non A-G Viral Hepatitis

Rifaat Safadi, Yaron River, Yosef S. Haviv, Yaron Ilan

Liver Unit, Division of Medicine and Neurology Dept., Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem

Guillain-Barre and other neurologic syndromes rarely occur as complications of viral hepatitis (A, B and C). Other neurologic syndromes have also been reported in serologically defined viral hepatitis, including mononeuritis, auditory neuritis, and seizures. Chronic hepatitis B and mononeuritis multiplex are found together in 31-54% of patients with periarteritis nodosa. The mechanisms of these associations are unknown, but may include direct cytotoxicity of the virus or immune-mediated damage. Vasculitis of the vasa nervorum plays an intermediate role, at least in some cases. We describe a 36-year-old man with acute non A-G hepatitis complicated by Guillain-Barre syndrome. The neurological manifestation resolved completely without specific therapy within 6 days, as the hepatitis resolved.

Extensive Liver Resection: a Series of 72 Cases

Moshe Hashmonai, Doron Kopelman, Ahmed Assalia, Yoram Klein, Hani Bahus, Alex Beny, Yaakov Baruch

Depts. of Surgery B, Oncology and Unit for Liver Diseases, Rambam Medical Center and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa

Partial liver resection is the treatment of choice for various liver diseases, including primary and secondary (metastatic) malignancies, benign tumors, cysts, abscesses, trauma, etc. Improved knowledge of hepatic anatomy and physiology, improved diagnostic techniques and more developed peri-operative treatment have reduced postoperative morbidity and mortality to acceptable levels.

We present a series of 72 liver resections, the majority of which were liver lobectomies or more extensive procedures performed during 1982-1997. The percentage of postoperative complications, which ranged from 1.3% to 19.4%, and mortality (8.3%; 6/72) are comparable to those of other large series in the world literature. We believe that better appreciation of the surgical potential of Israel by our medical community will improve our therapeutic approach to various liver diseases.

Abnormal Liver Function Tests in the Primary Care Setting

Shlomo Vinker, Sasson Nakar, Emanuel Nir, Eitan Hyam, Michael A. Weingarten

Dept. of Family Medicine, Rabin Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; and General Sick Fund, Central District

Results of laboratory tests ordered during a primary care encounter may reveal findings of abnormal liver function tests, including elevated liver enzymes, hyperbilirubinemia, hypoalbuminemia or abnormal coagulation tests. The object of this study was to describe the spectrum of these liver function test (LFT) abnormalities in primary care.

Results of all laboratory tests ordered during 10 months in an urban primary care clinic were retrospectively reviewed and the medical charts of patients with abnormal LFTs were studied. In 217/1088 (20%) of the tests at least 1 LFT abnormality was found in 156 patients. New diagnoses were made in 104 patients. The main diagnostic groups were: non-alcoholic fatty liver changes, Gilbert's disease, acute infectious hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease and cirrhosis and hepatotoxic drug injury. In 60 patients the physician classified the abnormality as negligible and not associated with significant disease. However, an abnormal test that had been ordered for evaluation of a specific complaint, was indeed likely to represent significant disease (X²=29.5, p<0.001). We conclude that finding abnormalities in liver function tests is common in the primary care clinic but does not often indicate significant liver disease.

Living-Related Liver Transplantation

N. Bar-Nathan, Z. Shapira, E. Shaharabani, A. Yussim, Y. Ben-Ari, T. Sheinfeld, I. Zehavi, R. Shapira, G. Dinari, Z. Ben-Ari, R. Tur-Kaspa, E. Mor

Dept. of Transplantation and Liver Institute, Rabin Medical Center (Beilinson Campus), and Pediatric Intensive Care and Pediatric Gastroenterology Units, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petah Tikva

Our experience with living-related liver transplantation is described. In 2 boys and 1 girl, aged 4-4.5 years with acute, fulminating hepatitis A, the presence of very severe jaundice (bilirubin levels > 18 mg%) associated with severe coagulopathy (INR>10) and encephalopathy indicated the need for urgent liver transplantation. In all 3 cases the left lateral hepatic segment of a matched blood type parent was transplanted. None of the donors suffered a serious complication postoperatively and all returned to full activity in 6-16 weeks. The post-transplantation course was uneventful in 1 child, but in the other 2 there was hepatic arterial thrombosis in 1 at 1 day and in the other at 8 days post-transplantation. Early detection of arterial thrombosis by Doppler sonography permitted salvage of the 2 hepatic grafts after thrombectomy and re-anastomosis. In 1 of these 2 children an anastomotic biliary stricture was found 2 months after transplantation. It was corrected at surgery and a percutaneous stent was inserted. All 3 children are alive with normal graft function at 2, 7 and 8 months post-transplantation, respectively. This initial experience indicates that living-related liver transplantation is feasible in Israel. The technique might help to solve our severe organ shortage for children awaiting liver transplantation.

Hepatocellular Damage after Using Ecstasy

E. Shiloach, E. Zecler, M. Horowiz, E. Scapa

Depts. of Medicine C and Gastroenterology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin (Affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University)

Ecstasy is a stimulant used mainly by youngsters to get 'high.' There are few reports of acute injury of the liver due to ecstasy. We describe a 37-year-old woman who presented with the clinical picture of recurrent hepatitis following ingestion of the drug. After several months she developed liver cirrhosis shown by biopsy and CT scanning. This case emphasizes the potential danger of ecstasy. Every patient with hepatitis of unknown origin must be questioned about ingestion of the drug.

Verapamil-Associated Liver Injury

Majed Odeh, Arie Oliven

Medical Dept. B, Bnai-Zion Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, The Technion, Haifa

Hepatotoxicity due to verapamil is very rare and to the best of our knowledge only 10 cases have been reported. A 54-year-old woman developed cholestatic liver injury and pruritus following treatment with sustained-release verapamil (240 mg/day) for arterial hypertension. The pruritus and all hepatic biochemical abnormalities completely resolved after withdrawal of the drug. Similar to previously reported cases, the pathogenic mechanism of verapamil-associated liver injury in our patient was, most probably, idiosyncratic. These cases emphasize the need for awareness of the possibility that verapamil may occasionally induce liver injury, sometimes severe and potentially fatal.

Pyogenic Liver Abscess in Children

R. Spiegel, D. Miron, Y. Horovitz

Dept. of Pediatrics A and Infectious Disease Unit, HaEmek Medical Center, Afula, and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa

2 children with pyogenic liver abscesses were hospitalized during the past 2 years. A 6-year-old boy had high fever and hepatomegaly, and a large liver abscess was found in the right hepatic lobe. Streptococcus milleri was isolated from the pus. Treatment with a combination of prolonged drainage of the abscess and antibiotic therapy was successful. A 4-month-old girl who had prolonged fever was found to have osteomyelitis of 3 thoracic vertebrae and 2 liver abscesses in the right lobe. She was treated successfully with broad spectrum antibiotics. Additional workup revealed that she had chronic granulomatous disease.

Liver Allografts from Donors older than 60: Benefits and Risks

Eytan Mor, Dan Shmueli, Ziv Ben-Ari, Nathan Bar-Nathan, Ezra Sharabani, Alexander Yussim, Boris Dorfman, Ran Tur-Kaspa, Zaki Shapira

Transplantation Dept. and Institute of Liver Diseases, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus; and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

With limited organ resources and an increasing number of candidates for liver transplantation, the world-wide trend is towards using liver allografts from donors older than 60 years. This strategy, however, may be hazardous because of the known correlation between advanced donor age and graft dysfunction. Since January 1996, each of 5 patients received a liver allograft from a donor older than 60 years. Preservation time in these cases was shortened as much as possible and liver allografts were used only if there were no other potential risk factors for primary nonfunction. Mean cold ischemic time was significantly shorter in this donor group (7.8 hrs) than for livers from 28 younger donors (10.2 hour; p<0.01). 3 of the 5 grafts from older donors had normal function immediately. The other 2 initially had biochemical features of preservation injury, but graft function returned to normal within the first week after transplantation. All 5 patients currently have normal graft function, with follow-up ranging from 3-8 months. There was no difference between the 5 recipients of grafts from older donors and 28 adult recipients of grafts from younger donors in extent of preservation injury and in immediate graft function. We conclude that in countries with limited organ resources, such as Israel, liver allografts from older donors can be used within defined limits and minimal preservation time.