תוצאת חיפוש

אהרון סולקס

בסקירה זו מסוכם חצי יובל של עבודה קלינית מאומצת בתחום הכימותרפיה מונעת לחולות הלוקות בסרטן השד בשלב II.

הטיפול במישלב CMF בשנות ה-70 מסמן את תחילתו של העידן המודרני בתחום זה. הניסיון העשיר שהצטבר בהמשך מלמש שהטיפול המונע חייב להינתן בסמוך לכריתת השאת הראשונית, במינונים ובלוח זמנים מיטביים, לפרקי זמן קצרים יחסית של כחצי שנה.

הטיפול בהמשך במישלבים המבוססים על אנטרהציקלינים, כגון אדריאמיצין ואפירוביצין, מהווה ציון דרך משמעות בקרב החולות עם קישיות-לימפה נגועות בבית-השחי, מתן רצוף (sequential) של אדריאמיצין ולאחריו CMF בחולות שאובחנו בהן עד 4 קישריות-לימפה נגועות או יותר בבית-השחי, ראוי לציון.

מטה-אנליזה של ניסויים קליניים מרובים שנכללו בהם עשרות-אלפי חולות עם סרטן השד בשלב II, מלמדת על ירידה בסיכון היחסי והמוחלט להישנות מחלה זו או לתמותה ממנה כאשר נוספה לטיפול המקומי כימותרפיה מונעת. יתרון זה נשמר גם לאחר מעקב של 20 שנה ויותר. לדוגמה, טיפול ב-CMF מפחית בכ-35% את הסיכון היחסי להישנות המחלה בהשוואה לטיפול מקומי בלבד.

המחקרים הקליניים המתבצעים בשנים האחרונות מכוונים להוכיח את תפקידן של התרופות הרעלניות החדישות שנוספו למערך הטיפול נוגד-הסרטן, כגון הטקסנים (texanes). לאחרונה החל להצטבר מידע על הטיפול בנוגדן החד-שיבטי הרצפטין כחלק מהטיפול המונע בחולות הלוקות בשאת עם ביטוי גבוה של האונקוגן Her2Neu.

לכימותרפיה מונעת השלכות אפשריות ארוכות-טווח. לדוגמה, אל-וסת עם סיכון בהמשך ללקות באוסטאופורוזיס או במחלת לב איסכמית. רעלנות של הלב לאחר מתן אנטרה-ציקלינים: לא הוכחה עד כה ברוב המכריע של הדיווחים שכיחות-יתר של שאתות נוספות בקרב נשים שעברו כימותרפיה מונעת.

בתוך תקופה של כרבע מאה התבססה הכימותרפיה המונעת כחלק בלתי-נפרד מהטיפול הכוללני בחולות בסרטן השד בשלב II.

רינת חכמון, בנימין פיורה ומשה מזור

קיימת בעולם המערבי דרישה גוברת והולכת לטיפול הורמוני חלופי נרחב (טה"ח) בנשים לאחר חדילת האורח. אולם חשש מתחלואה ותמותה ממחלות ממאירות, כגון סרטן השד וסרטן רירית הרחם, מגביל את הטיפול הנרחב בתכשירים הורמוניים חלופיים.

למרות שבמרבית המחקרים האפידמיולוגיים לא הודגם קשר מובהק בין טיפול הורמוני חילופי להתהוות שאתות ממאירות, קיימים עדיין חילוקי דעות ביחס לקשר בין טה"ח לסרטן השד. כמעט כל רופא שממליץ על טה"ח נשאל על-ידי המטופלת: "דוקטור, האם ההורמונים שאתה רושם לי עלולים לגרום לסרטן?".

ערכו של טה"ל בטיפול בתסמינים חדים של חדילת אורח או במניעתם, בהפחתת שיעורי תחלואה ותמותה ממחלות לב וכלי-דם או במניעתם, ובטיפול באוסטיאופורוזיס בנשים לאחר חדילת אורח – הוא רב. מאחר שטה"ח ניתן בדרך-כלל על ידי קבוצה רחבה של רופאים, כגון רופאי משפחה, רופאי נשים, אורתופדים, קרדיולוגים וכדומה, נודעת חשיבות רבה לסקירת הספרות בנושא זה, על-מנת לעדכן את קוראי "הרפואה" במחקרים האחרונים ובתיאוריות החדשות בנושא זה.
 

Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Breast Cancer: A Validation Study and Preliminary Results

Aviram Nissan, Ram M. Spira, Roland Chisin, Oded Zamir, Diana Prus, Martin Klein, Mahmoud Badriyyah, Herbert R. Freund

Departments of Surgery. Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, and Pathology. Hadassah University Hospital Mount Scopus and Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem

Introduction: Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has been recently proven to be an accurate staging method for breast cancer, replacing axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in selected cases. We present our initial experience and the process of introduction and implementation of SLNB in a University Hospital setting.

Material and methods: 46 SLNB were performed in 42 consecutive female patients with invasive breast cancer. Treatment included 0.4mCi-2mCi of Tc-99m rhenium colloid injected either 2 hours before surgery (0.4 mCi) or the night before surgery (2 mCi). Four milliliters of Patent Blue V were injected peritumoral 10 minutes prior to skin incision in all patients. Following SLNB all women underwent subsequent ALND. Sentinel nodes were processed both with multiple (10-15) H&E sections and immunohistochemistry with cytokeratin antibodies stain.

Results: Blue dye, isotope or the combination of both identified 43/46 (93%) of the sentinel lymph nodes. ALND was performed only unilaterally in 4 patients with bilateral breast cancer bringing the total evaluable SLNB to 39. In the 39 patients in whom the sentinel node was successfully identified and underwent ALND, the SLNB was true positive (TP) in 17/39 (44%) true negative (TN) in 20/39 (51%) and false negative in 2/39 [(5%), both T2 lesions] with overall accuracy of 95%. In the last 10 cases all sentinel nodes were successfully identified with 70% TP and 30% TN.

Conclusions: Experience with at least 30-40 consecutive cases for safe implementation of SLNB in clinical practice. Specific training and dedication is required for the entire team involved, including surgeons, nuclear medicine physicians and technicians and pathologists.  

Breast Conservation: Safe for Early Breast Cancer

Gil Bar-Sella, Georgetta Fried, Zipora Brotman, Anna Ravkin, Riva Borovik, Abraham Kuten

Dept. of Oncology, Rambam Medical Center; Dept. of Oncology, Lin Medical Center; and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa

Between 1981-1993 581 women with primary breast cancer were treated by breast conservation. Their mean age was 56‏12 years and 63% were postmenopausal and 37% pre- or perimenopausal. The median follow-up time was 56 months. 45% had pathological Stage I disease, 49% Stage II, 2.5% Stage III and 3.5% clinical Stage I-II disease. 54% of lesions were excised with good margins, 10% with close margins (<0.5 cm), 9% with microscopic residual, 3% with macroscopic residual, and in 24% margins were not reported. Adjuvant therapy, consisting of combination chemotherapy and/or hormones, was given to 69%.

Radiotherapy, usually 50 Gy tangential photon irradiation to the whole breast, was given to 564 (97%); an electron or photon "boost" to the tumor with a median dose of 17.5 Gy was given to 378 (65%). Most of those with positive nodes received 50 Gy to the lymphatic drainage system.

1 year after radiotherapy cosmetic results were rated as "good" or "excellent" in 80%, "moderate" in 17% and "poor" in 3%. The 5-year actuarial survival was 97% in Stage I and 88% in Stage II. 37 patients (6.5%) developed breast recurrence; 11 of these (2%) had simultaneous distant metastases. 5 (<1%) developed axillary or supraclavicular lymph node metastases, and 81 (14%) developed distant metastases. Most local recurrences were in those younger than 40, and in those with primary tumors >1.75 cm.

The satisfactory level of local control achieved is attributed to the high doses of radiation (up to 75 Gy) administered to those with high risk lesions.

Oncogenetic Counseling and Genetic Testing of Those at High Risk for Breast and Ovarian Cancer

Livia Theodor, Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov, Galit Hirsch Yechezkel, Revital Bruchim Bar-Sade, Eva Gak, Irit Friedman, Anna Kruglikova, Gilad Ben-Baruch, Shulamit Risel, Moshe Z. Papa, Boleslav Goldman, Eitan Friedman

Oncogenetics Unit, Dept. of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Genetics, and Gynecology, Oncology, and Surgical Depts., Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer

There is inherited predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer in 5-10% of all women with these diseases. Germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 presumably account for most of the genetically susceptible individuals. We summarize 2 years of experience in counseling and testing for inherited predisposition to these cancers.

597 women (from 320 families) have been evaluated since August 1995. 242 were evaluated for inherited predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer. One-third had clear-cut evidence of familial background. 74 families were of Ashkenazi origin; the age range of breast cancer was 30-35, of ovarian cancer 40-45. In 80% of families other cancers were also noted in first degree family members, including lung, colon, and prostate cancer and leukemia.

Genetic testing revealed that 45% of affected and 25% of unaffected women were carriers of a mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2: 67/90 185delAG (BRCA1), 12/90 6174delT (BRCA2), and 4/90 of 5382insC (BRCA1). In addition, a novel mutation in exon 11 of BRCA1 was detected, carried by 7/90 women. The experience gained in oncogenetic counseling and genetic testing for inherited cancer predisposition will eventually enable determining an optimal, rational therapeutic regimen in carriers of mutations.

Taxol as Second-Line Therapy in Recurrent Breast and Ovarian Cancer

R. Borovik, M. Steiner, J. Atad, B. Sneiderman, T. Rosenberg, S. Palti

Oncology Depts., Lin Medical Center and Carmel Medical Center, Haifa

Results of chemotherapy with Taxol (paclitaxel) in 55 patients with recurrent breast and ovarian cancer were reviewed. Taxol was given as a 3-hour infusion, every 3 weeks, on an outpatient basis. There was complete or partial response in 8 patients (23%) with breast cancer and 10 (50%) with ovarian cancer. Performance status and previous response to adriamycin were important prognostic factors. Toxicity was manageable. Treatment had to be stopped for hypersensitivity reactions in only 2 patients. Taxol given in an ambulatory clinic is safe and effective.

Fibrosarcoma after Silicone Breast Augmentation: Associated?

Anabel Aharon-Maor, Yair Levy, Yehuda Schoenfeld

Medical Dept. B, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

We describe a 42-year-old woman in whom bilateral fibrosarcoma of the breast was diagnosed 15 years after bilateral breast augmentation with silicone implants. 3 years prior to admission the implants were replaced and 2 years prior to admission mammography showed a nodule in the left breast which biopsy showed to be fibrosarcoma. The implants were removed from both breasts and she was given chemotherapy but later that year underwent bilateral mastectomy. Despite chemotherapy, as well as adjuvant radiotherapy, the disease progressed, with involvement of the lungs and the skin of the left hemithorax. She was admitted repeatedly for severe anemia caused by bleeding from the malignant skin lesions, and died less than 2 years after diagnosis of the disease.

Not all reports in the literature find a significant connection between silicone implants and subsequent development of breast cancer, but there are reports that do connect them. Breast fibrosarcoma is not significantly more frequent after silicone augmentation, but still there is controversy as to whether there is a connection between silicone implants and breast malignancy. In the patient we present, the prolonged exposure to silicone may have been a predisposing factor for the development of bilateral fibrosarcoma, since other known risk factors for breast cancer were denied.

Screening Tests for Detecting Breast Cancer: Performance Rates and Characteristics of Patients

Netta Bentur, Revital Gross, Ayelet Berg

JDC-Brookdale Institute of Gerontology and Human Development, Jerusalem

Screening tests including mammograms for early detection of breast cancer are in the basket of services provided under the National Health Insurance Law. The law also defines the population groups entitled to mammograms, and sets the frequency of the test as once every 2 years. The aim of this study was to examine the screening rates for early detection of breast cancer at the inception of the law, in order to monitor future changes in performance rates, and identify the characteristics of those unlikely to undergo these tests, in order to promote the use of screening tests by them. This study is part of a comprehensive survey examining the effect of the National Health Insurance Law on the Israeli population.

The survey, carried out in the summer of 1995, included a sample of 1,400 Israeli residents aged 22 and over. To determine performance rates for clinical breast examinations a subgroup of 515 women aged 30 and over was sampled. To determine performance rates for mammograms, 173 women were aged 50-74 (the entitlement ages under the law), were sampled. 54% of women aged 30+ reported having had at least 1 clinical breast examination during their lifetime, and 56% of women aged 50-74 reported having had a mammogram during the past 2 years. Variables with an independent effect on the likelihood of having had a clinical breast examination by a physician during the past 2 years were: being over the age of 50, having at least 9 years of education, being a veteran resident of Israel (as opposed to a new immigrant), and being Jewish. Variables with an independent effect on the likelihood of having a mammogram during the past 2 years were: being a veteran resident of Israel, and having a high income צ which was found to have a borderline effect. The findings of the survey emphasize the importance of changing the behavior patterns of both women and physicians, informing women about their entitlement to the tests, and raising consciousness of the importance of having repeated clinical examinations by a physician, as well as mammograms.

Accessibility of Information and Informed Consent: Experiences of Breast Cancer Patients

Ephraim Tabory, Susan Sered

Dept. of Sociology and Anthropology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan

We studied the social and cultural frameworks that impact on breast cancer patients in the medical system. The subjects were 98 Jewish women who had undergone mastectomy or lumpectomy for cancer 6 months to 3 years prior to the interview. They emanated from a variety of socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds, and reflected the age range of women with breast cancer in the general Jewish population of Israel. Patients were asked about each stage of the medical process they had experienced: diagnosis, surgery, oncological care, and follow-up care. The interview revealed a general perception of having received insufficient information regarding their medical condition and treatment. The problem tended to be most severe during the diagnostic stage, when women had not yet been officially included as patients within the system. The problem was relatively severe during follow-up care, when they often did not have an address for their questions. Few women received a schedule of follow-up care that allowed them to carry on with the many necessary tests in an orderly and comprehensive manner. Most important, systematic absence of informed consent also characterized the decision-making process regarding surgery and oncological treatment. Few women felt they had been informed about treatment options, side-effects, or long-term implications of the treatment offered. We found no indication of inequitable medical treatment that would suggest a manifest pattern of discrimination, but we did find some social variables related to a feeling of insufficient personal care and information. In particular, older women said they received less attention, support, and information from the medical staff relative to the younger women.

Identification of Sentinel and Axillary Node Involvement in Breast Cancer

M.Z. Papa, D. Bersuk, M. Koler, E. Klein, M. Sareli, G. Ben-Ari

Dept. of Surgical Oncology and Breast Unit, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer

Axillary node dissection for breast cancer is important for staging and prognosis. "Sentinel nodes" are the first nodes into which primary cancer drains. Identification, removal and pathological examination of those nodes indicates whether completion of axillary lymphadenectomy is required. The sentinel nodes are identified using a vital dye injected at the primary tumor site. With this technique we were able to identify sentinel nodes in 46 of 48 (95%) women examined. An average of 2.7‏1.2 nodes were identified as sentinel nodes. In 81% of cases there was a correlation between involvement of sentinel nodes and of other axillary nodes as well. In 10% of patients sentinel nodes were involved with tumor while other axillary nodes were negative. The major problem in routine application of this is relationship in surgical decisions is reliable real time pathological identification of lymph node involvement by tumor.