הלן שיינפלד, פאולה רושקה, אירנה פינקלשטיין, הלל דיוויס

המרכז לבריאות הנפש טלביה, ירושלים

הוואגיניסמוס הוא הפרעה המשויכת לגינקולוגיה ולפסיכיאטריה. רק חלק מהלוקות בוואגיניסמוס מגיעות לטיפול פסיכיאטרי. ייתכן שמקורה הנפשי של ההפרעה שכיח יותר מהאבחנות בפועל. במאמר זה מובאים הנסיבות והגורמים הפסיכולוגיים שבבסיס תופעה זו, בחמש פרשות חולות. בשלוש פרשות החולות הראשונות – נשים צעירות מרקע תרבותי שמרני או דתי – אובחן ואגיניסמוס ראשוני שגרם לנישואים בלתי-ממומשים. התגלה שלאותן נשים היה "סוד" הקשור לחוויה מינית מוקדמת. פרט זה הוא משמעותי ואף עשוי להוות נקודת-מיפנה בטיפול. שתי פרשות החולות הנותרות הן של נשים מבוגרות יותר שלקו בתופעה של ואגיניסמוס מישני לאחר שנים של חיי-מין ללא ואגיניסמוס. במאמר נדונות דרכי הטיפול, השונות בדרך-כלל, בכל אחד משני סוגי ואגיניסמוס מישני עשויה להתגלות הפרעה משמעותית ברקע האישיותי או הזוגי, שיחייב טיפול נרחב וממושך יותר. נודעת חשיבות רבה לכך שרופאים יתנו את דעתם לאותן נשים הזקוקות לטיפול פסיכיאטרי, ולא גינקולוגי.

רונן ש' גולד, יוסף ב' לסינג, דוד פאוזנר ודוד גורדון

היחידה לאורגינקולוגיה וריצפת האגן, ביה"ח ליולדות ליס, מרכז רפואי תל-אביב, הפקולטה לרפואה, אוניברסיטת תל-אביב

התהוות נצור בין שלפוחית השתן והלדן (נשש"ל) גורמת להשפעות קשות הן על התיפקוד הגופני והן על מצבי הנפשי של החולה. במדינות מתפתחות מהווה נשש"ל סיבוך שכיח של טראומה מיילדותית. במדינות אלו, מתלווה לבעיה זו גם בעיה חברתית קשה. במדינות מפותחות נשש"ל הוא נדיר יותר ורוב החולות לוקות בו עקב ניתוח גינקולוגי. אין ספק, כי נשש"ל יכול להיגרם גם בידיו של מנתח מוכשר ביותר ובעל ניסיון רב. מרגוליס טוען, כי כל שדרוש הוא מספיק זמן ומספיק ניתוחים כדי שנשש"ל ייגרם על ידי כל מנתח. למרות שנשש"ל מוכר עוד מתקופות קדומות, הרי שניתוח מוצלח דווח לראשונה רק בשנת 1952: ג'ימס מירון סייס דיווח על סגירת נשש"ל בגישה לדנית באמצעות חוטי כסף. הטיפול העדכני בנשש"ל החל רק באמצע המאה ה-20, תחילה בגישה ביטנית ובהמשך בגישה לדנית. למרות ההתקדמות בשטח זה, בחירת הדרך הטוב ביותר לטיפול וקביעת התיזמון לפעולה נותרו גם היום בגדר אתגר רפואי.

מיכל בר-נתן, יחזקאל סידי, חנן גור

המח' לרפואה פנימית ג', מרכז רפואי שיבא, תל-השומר

תסחיף ריאתי (ת"ר) הוא מצב שכיח בתחומי רפואה שונים והסתמנותו הקלינית מגוונת. הביטויים השכיחים כוללים קוצר נשימה פתאומי, כאב צידרי (pleural pain), שיעול, גניחת-דם ועילפון. טאכיפנאה, טאכיקרדיה, גודש ורידי צוואר והיפוקסמיה. שיעור התמותה מת"ר הוא 6%-8%, למרות טיפול, אך בחולים עם ת"ר המלווה בירידת לחץ-דם, עלול שיעור התמותה להגיע עד 30%.

מצב קליני קשה יותר הוא תסחיף ריאתי מסיבי (תר"מ). זהו מצב מסכן חיים, הכרוך בשיעור תמותה גבוה ביותר ומחייב טיפול מיידי. מרבית החולים (60%-70%) עלולים למות תוך 1-6 שעות מתחילת התסמינים, אם לא יוחל טיפול. הטיפול בחולה עם תר"מ מחייב שיתוף פעולה של צוות רפואי הכולל את הרופאים המטפלים, אנשי דימות פולשני, יחידה לטיפול נמרץ ומנתחי לב. ההחלטות חייבות להתקבל במהירות על סמך הוריות המעוגנות בתוצאות מחקרים, אך מביאות בחשבון את הידע והניסיון המקומי של הצוות הרפואי.

המטרה בסקירה הנוכחית היא לדון בהיבטים השונים של הטיפול בחולה עם תר"מ, על סמך המידע בספרות ועל סמך הניסיון שרכשנו בטיפול במספר חולים עם תר"מ בשנים האחרונות, תוך ניסיון לשתף את קהל הקוראים בתרשימי הזרימה לטיפול, שגובשו במחלקתנו.

אפרים אייזן

המרכז הגריאטרי שיקומי פלימן, חיפה הפקולטה לרפואה, הטכניון, חיפה

נפילות מהוות את אחת מבעיות הבריאות הקשות והשכיחות ביותר בקרב קשישים. נפילות נישנות בקרב קשישים מהוות סימן לתשישות, הפרעות בתנועה ומחלות כרוניות וחדות. נפילות כשלעצמן עלולות להחמיר קשיים בתיפקוד בקשיש כתוצאה מפציעות, הגבלות פעילות, פחד מנפילות ואיבוד תנועתיות ועצמיות, תופעה זו היא הגורם השכיח ביותר לפציעות בלתי מכוונות ולשברים בקרב קשישים.

נפילה מוגדרת כאירוע שבעיקבותיו האדם מוצא עצמו באופן לא מכוון על מישטח אחר, הנמצא נמוך ממקום הימצאו הקודם. נפילות המתרחשות עקב הפעלת כוח חיצוני רב (לדוגמה, תאונת דרכים), פעילות ספורטיבית או תקיפה, אינן נכללות בדרך כלל במסגרת האמורה. הגורמים וגורמי הסיכון לפנילות אלה בדרך כלל שונים ומהווים נושא נפרד.

The Effect of Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Therapy on Respiratory Diseases in Children

Y. Levin¹, A. Mandelberg², A. Gornstein³, F. Srour³, S. Reif⁴

¹The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, ²The Unit of Pediatric-Pulmonology, Wolfson Hospital, ³The Unit of Pediatric-Surgery, Wolfson Hospital, ⁴The Unit of Pediatric-Gastroenterology, Dana Children's Hospital

In order to examine the effect of reflux therapy on Hyper Reactive Airway Disease (HRAD) and apnea severity, 107 children, 78 with HRAD and 29 with apnea, underwent pH monitoring in the Pediatric Surgery Unit of Wolfson Hospital and the Dana Children's Hospital during the years 1995-1998. Pathological reflux was defined by means of the Boix-Ochoa and RI (Reflux Index) scores. In patients with positive reflux, anti-reflux treatment was initiated. Prior to and following pH monitoring, the respiratory status of all patients (both with and without reflux) was evaluated by a pediatric pulmonologist employing commonly used scores to determine severity.

Results: Subject age ranged between one day and 15 years (mean: 15.44±29 months, median: 6.37 months). In HRAD, following anti-reflex treatment the reflux positive group showed a significant score improvement, from an average of 2.9±1.1 units to 1.54±1.2 units (p<0.0001); a decrease in the number of patients treated with oral corticosteroids (p<0.01); a close to significant decrease (p=0.069) in the average dose of inhaled corticosteroids; and a decrease in the number of patients using bronchodilators (p=0.042). The reflux-negative group, not treated for reflux, displayed no significant improvement, with only a decrease in the severity scores from 2.44±1.0 to 1.78±1.2 units (p=0.14), and no change on any of the other parameters.

In apnea, all patients improved, from an average score of 2.34±0.77 to 0.03±0.19 units (p<0.0001), with no significant difference between the reflux positive and the reflux negative groups.

In view of these findings, it is postulated that anti-reflux therapy may have an additive effect on HRAD severity, beyond that of spontaneous respiratory improvement. We therefore find it appropriate for every severe HRAD patient (frequent exacerbations or high corticosteroid dose) to undergo pH monitoring in order to treat those with proven reflux. In respect to apnea, we cannot attribute any significance to the existence of reflux or to anti-reflux treatment.

Long-Term Sequelae of Malignant Tumors in Childhood

N. M. Peretz, H. Goldberg, A. Kuten, I. Meller, E. Krivoi, A. Lorber, L. Bentur, A. Lightman, V. Gorenberg, M. Ben Arush-Weyl

Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Dept., Oncology Center, Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Pulmonology and Gynecology Depts., and Pediatric Endocrinology Unit; Rambam Medical Center and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa; and Orthopedic-Oncology Unit, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center and Tel Aviv University

110 children with malignant diseases (leukemia excepted) who survived 5-20 years (median 9) post-therapy were followed (1996-1998). Median age during follow-up was 15 years (range 5-23). The most common malignancies were brain tumors, lymphoma, retinoblastoma and Wilm's tumor.

The 174 late side-effects included endocrine disorders (19%), cognitive impairment (14%), orthopedic dysfunction (12%), alopecia (12%), dental damage (11%), psychological (8%) and neurological (8%) disturbances, and azoospermia or amenorrhea (5%). There was no cardiac or renal damage and no second malignancy.

29% of side-effects were severe. There was significant reduction in quality of life in 54 (49%), in 27 of whom it was severe enough to require psychological intervention. Treatment of brain tumor caused 98 late side-effects in 28 patients (sequelae-to-patient ratio [SPR] 3.3). Most cognitive, endocrine and neurological disorders, and most cases of alopecia, dental and psychological difficulties were in these patients. There were frequent late complications in those treated for retinoblastoma (SPR 1.8), and bone or soft tissue sarcomas (SPR 0.8). Those treated for Wilm's tumor had few side-effects (SPR 0.4).

Late side effects were most frequent after radiation, reaching as high as SPR 2.4. It averaged only 0.5 in those treated with chemotherapy alone or in combination with surgery.

Reduction of late side-effects in these patients requires using less toxic modalities, as long as cure rate is not compromised. When considering secondary strategies, screening for early detection of late complications would enable immediate solutions, such as hormonal replacement or providing compensating skills for post-treatment disability.
 

Prevention and Treatment of Procedural Pain in Pediatric Wards

R. Gorodischer, L. Herzog, E. Herzog

Depts. of Pediatrics A and Anesthesiology, Soroka University Medical Center; and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba

Present knowledge and available pharmacological agents allow for adequate prevention and treatment of pain in children. We present guidelines we prepared for the prevention and treatment of procedural pain in children in our general pediatric ward. This followed extensive review of the literature, participation in scientific meetings, discussions with experts and consultation with interested clinicians. Successful implementation of the guidelines requires increased appreciation of the importance of pain prevention, participation of the nursing, as well as medical staff, and ability to evaluate pain in children of various ages.
 

Prematurity: Interplay between Psychological and Biological Risk Factors Leading to Infant Psychopathology

Miri Keren, Galia Tyano, Leah Sirota

Community-based Infant Mental Health Unit, Geha Hospital; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Kibbutz Seminar, Ramat Aviv; Neonatal Intensive Care Nursery, Schneider Children's Hospital, Petah Tikva; and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

Concepts such as risk factor, vulnerability, protective factor and resiliency have become central in the field of developmental psychopathology. The birth of a very-low-birth weight premature baby can be used as a paradigm of the interplay between these factors. Indeed, prematurity implies for both infant and parents, biological as well as psychological risk factors. They may interact in such a way that the child's emotional, cognitive and social development will deviate from normal. Understanding the psychological impact of premature birth includes reference to both the normal psychological processes that characterize pregnancy that are jeopardized by a premature, often traumatic delivery, and to the special significance of being a parent in the Special Care Nursery.

The contrast between the expected appearance of the baby and that of the sick-looking, tiny premature, together with uncertainty about its medical status, often affect the parents' bonding process. In addition, must learn quickly to cope with issues such as total dependence on a verybusy team, loss of control of the care of their baby, and their unclear roles as parents. Added to these risk factors are the specific neurobehavioral characteristics of premature babies, which often make it hard for parents to read their cues and respond to them properly.

A clinical vignette illustrates the chain of psychological and biological events that lead to severe disturbance of the early parent-child relationship. It also brings up the question of psychosocial intervention in the Special Care Nursery, both in terms of early detection of families at risk and the types of intervention.

Advantages of Standardized Protocol for Oral Rehydration in Acute Pediatric Gastroenteritis

Avi Weizman, Ahmed Alsheikh, Laura Herzog, Asher Tal, Rafael Gorodischer

Pediatric Depts. A and B, Soroka Medical Center; and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba

Oral rehydration (OR) for acute gastroenteritis in infants and children has been shown to be as effective as IV therapy, with less discomfort and lower costs. In this retrospective study we compared 2 pediatric wards, in 1 of which only a standardized, simplified, bedside protocol, based on American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines, was used.

There were no significant clinical characteristics in the 208 patients. In the ward which used the above protocol, OR utilization was significantly more frequent than in the other ward (48% versus 15%), thus saving equipment costs of nearly $1,000/3 months. There were no significant differences in outcome between the wards.

We conclude that introducing a standardized management protocol may increase OR utilization in hospitalized children with acute diarrhea.
 

Corneal Infection in Wearers of Contact Lenses

Y. Domniz, R. Avisar, H. Savir

Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin; and Hasharon Hospital, Petah Tikva

This is a 5-year retrospective survey of corneal infection in wearers of optical contact lenses (OCL). 23 of the 61 patients (38%; Hasharon Hospital) with positive cultures wore OCL. Visual acuity improved in 15 (65%), no change was noted in 4 (17.5%) and there was deterioration in 4 (17.5%), as compare with status on admission.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common cause of infections among OCL wearers. The improvement in visual acuity expected due to wearing OCL was affected by infections. After Staphylococcus albus infections had the highest rate (100%) of improvement in visual acuity and after Ps. aeruginosa the lowest rate (57.2%) of improvement, as well as the highest rate of deterioration (42.8%) found following recovery.

OCL wearers are at higher risk for damage to visual acuity following corneal infection, and highly virulent infections in OCL wearers are responsible for a high risk of damage to visual acuity.

Rational Use of Albumin 

Emanuel Sikuler, Aviel Shapira, Shlomo Mor-Yosef, Pnina Shlaeffer, Dafna Slovik, Madlen Brutin, Gabriel Gurman

Divisions of Medicine and Surgery, Hospital Administration, Quality Control Unit, Pharmacological Service, Nursing Service, and Division of Anesthesiology; Soroka Medical Center and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba

The use of albumin has been a matter of debate since its introduction in the 1940's. Albumin is not only expensive but may also be harmful when administered inappropriately. Until recently our use of albumin was controlled by a number of authorized physicians who signed all albumin prescriptions.

In August 1998, a multidisciplinary team reviewed the indications for albumin use and introduced simple guidelines for its supply and administration. As a result, the use of albumin has decreased by almost 70%. This indicates that rational use of albumin can be achieved by appropriate guidelines, without requiring administrative limitations. We believe that this conclusion holds true for other diagnostic and therapeutic procedures as well.

Noncontrast Spiral CT for Diagnosis of Acute Flank Pain

Alexander Tzivian, Igor Sherman, Yacov Yacobi,  Surin Elias, Ami Sidi, Jack Asherov

Depts. of Urology, Emergency Medicine, and of Radiology, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon

Acute flank pain is commonly encountered in the emergency department, and often requires imaging to establish its cause. For decades intravenous urography and sonography have been the primary media for evaluating flank pain.

Recently, noncontrast spiral CT (NCSCT) has been shown to be accurate and highly successful in diagnosing cause in such cases. We evaluated its use in the diagnosis of acute flank pain. During a 7-month period, 147 such cases had NCSCT imaging immediately after initial evaluation in the emergency department. Using a spiral CT scan without oral or IV contrast media, 109 of 147 cases were found to have ureteral stones, and 34 others to have other urological conditions unrelated to the cause of pain; 38 CT scans were negative for ureterolithiasis and in 14 non-urological disease was diagnosed.

NCSCT is a valuable diagnostic technique for patients in the emergency department with flank pain. It rapidly and accurately detects ureteral stones causing renal colic and also detects extra-urinary causes of acute flank pain.

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo: Diagnostic Pitfalls 

C.R. Gordon, O. Zur, R. Furas, E. Kott, N. Gadoth

Depts. of Neurology and of Physical Therapy, Meir General Hospital, Kfar Saba, and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a common but often unrecognized cause of treatable vertigo. Possible causes of misdiagnosis of BPPV were studied by review of the records of 191 patients referred to our neurology clinic; 36 were identified as having BPPV not previously diagnosed. On referral the patients carried the following diagnoses: unspecified dizziness/vertigo (33%), transient ischemic attacks (28%), cervicogenic vertigo (19%), psychogenic dizziness/vertigo (11%), and others (8%).

The paroxysmal nature of the vertigo and position-precipitating factors were not spontaneously reported by 31%. Atypical, even bizarre, symptoms including dizzy sensations were reported by 19%, and neck pain and headache were cardinal symptoms that accompanied vertigo.

The Dix-Hallpike maneuver, which is essential for the diagnosis of BPPV, was not performed in any of the patients prior to referral. 30 (83%) experienced complete resolution of signs and symptoms after the first physical treatment session.

We conclude that non-paroxysmal, non-positional vertigo does not rule out BPPV. Atypical and even bizarre complaints of dizziness, as well as neck pain and headache could be cardinal symptoms of BPPV. The Dix-Hallpike maneuver is mandatory in those complaining of dizziness and vertigo.

Drug Abuse among Patients Requiring Psychiatric Hospitalization 

Gregory Katz, Emi Shufman, Haim Y. Knobler, Mark Joffe, Rachel Bar-Hamburger, Rimona Durst

Kfar Shaul Mental Health Center, (Affiliated with the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem); and Jerusalem Institute for Treatment of Substance Abuse, Israel Antidrug Authority

We assessed the incidence of drug abuse among patients requiring psychiatric hospitalization, and characterized the population at risk. The data on drug abuse were obtained from self-reports and urine tests in 103 patients, aged 18-65, hospitalized in the Kfar Shaul Psychiatric Hospital (autumn 1998).

There was close correspondence between the self-reports and the results obtained from urine tests. 1/3 admitted to having used illegal drugs and signs of drug abuse were found in about 1/4 of the urine tests. The most prevalent drugs were cannabis products (hashish and/or marijuana) and in 15 patients opiates.

Drug users were younger than non-users. With regard to psychiatric symptomatology, fewer negative symptoms were recorded among cannabis abusers with schizophrenia, compared to schizophrenic patients with no history, past or present, of cannabis abuse.

The present findings confirm the clinical impression that there has been an increase in drug abuse among mental patients, parallel to that found in society at large. Confirmatory surveys are necessary. Our findings clearly suggest that a change in attitude has occurred in Israel to what has been considered a marginal problem. Hospitalized mentally-ill patients, the younger in particular, should be considered at risk for drug abuse.

The Decision-Making Process of Abortion High Committees 

Raphael Cohen-Almagor, Yehuda Snir

Faculty of Law, University of Haifa

Factors influencing the decision-making process of the Abortions High Committees (after the 23rd week of pregnancy), and whether there are differences between decisions of different Committees were examined. A questionnaire was sent to the 45 members of these committees of whom 24 responded (53%). Some hospitals refused to cooperate because they did not want to evoke discussion about the practices of the Committees.

The significant factors that play a part in the decision as to whether or not to allow an abortion are the medical condition of the fetus, the medical and psychological state of the mother, and the week of pregnancy. The data also show that women committee members are more inclined to authorize abortion than men, and that the more religious members are less inclined to authorize abortions. No differences were found between hospitals, and the age of committee members had no influence. Members did not accord any importance to fear of litigation in their considerations.