תוצאת חיפוש

מרדכי שני

פיטר דרוקר, בן ה-90, מאבות הניהול המודרני, אמר לאחרונה כי עליו להחליף מדי שנתיים דיסקט במוחו כדי להבין את העולם. מהיבט זה יש להתייחס למאמרו של פרופ' דונחין "מניעת טעויות ברפואה – משימה אפשרית?"

עוד לפני דור היתה ההנחה כי שגיאות מעשה ידי רופאים הן פרי בודדים במערכת הבריאות, וכי זו תופעה שאינה שכיחה. תפיסה זו השתנתה, מאחר שברור היום שאחד הגורמים לפגיעות חמורות או אף למותם של חולים הוא תוצאה של טעויות במערכת הבריאות. טעויות בבתי-החולים בארה"ב נחשבות כאחד הגורמים העיקריים למותם של בני אדם.

יואל דונחין

הדרך למניעת טעויות ברפואה אפשרית רק אם ניתן יהיה לבצע בדיקה וחקירה של אירועים חריגים, תאונות או מצבים של "כמעט תאונה", וכן בדיקה מעמיקה של כלל הגורמים שהביאו לתקלה. יש הכרח בגישה חדשה לחינוך הצוותים הרפואיים כך שלא יהססו לדווח ולהצביע על נקודות תורפה במערכת בה הם פועלים. בסקירה זו מובאות דוגמאות אחדות לדרך שבה יש לנקוט כדי להביא להקטנה משמעותית של טעויות האנוש במערכת הרפואית.

לפני שמונה שנים הגשתי לפירסום יחד עם חבר חוקרים בטכניון את מחקרנו "הסיבות והגורמים לטעויות אנוש ביחידה לטיפול נמרץ". בשל המימצאים הקשים נידחה המאמר על ידי מספר ביטאונים רפואיים, בטענה כי התוצאות אינן מתקבלות על הדעת. לאחר ויכוח ממושך התקבל המאמר לפירסום.

רים ביאדסה-עתאמנה (1), שמואל רשפון (1), אירנה וולוביק (2), רונית סגל (2)

(1) לשכת הבריאות המחוזית, חיפה, (2) לשכת הבריאות הנפתית, חדרה

מובאת בזאת פרשת 5 תושבי מחוז חיפה שחלו במלריה בשנת 1999, לאחר חזרתם לישראל מביקור באפריקה. אף אחד מהם לא נטל טיפול מונע.

מלריה ממשיכה להיות סכנה משמעותית בקרב הנוסעים למדינות אנדמיות. ההקפדה על נטילת הטיפול המונע וההגנה מפני עקיצות יתושים. הן הדרכים היעילות ביותר למניעת המחלה.

Prevention and Treatment of Procedural Pain in Pediatric Wards

R. Gorodischer, L. Herzog, E. Herzog

Depts. of Pediatrics A and Anesthesiology, Soroka University Medical Center; and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba

Present knowledge and available pharmacological agents allow for adequate prevention and treatment of pain in children. We present guidelines we prepared for the prevention and treatment of procedural pain in children in our general pediatric ward. This followed extensive review of the literature, participation in scientific meetings, discussions with experts and consultation with interested clinicians. Successful implementation of the guidelines requires increased appreciation of the importance of pain prevention, participation of the nursing, as well as medical staff, and ability to evaluate pain in children of various ages.
 

למעלה מ- 40,000 נשים נפטרו בשנה האחרונה מסרטן השד בארצות הברית. עובדה זו מעמידה את סרטן השד כסרטן השכיח ביותר בנשים והשני כגורם לתמותה מסרטן בנשים. נשים מעל גיל 60 הן בעלות הסיכון הגבוה ביותר ללקות בסרטן השד ואוכלוסייה זו היא אוכלוסיית המטרה לרוב המחקרים הקליניים שמטרתם טיפול מונע. הסיכון במהלך שנות החיים ללקות בסרטן שד פולשני הוא בשיעור של 12%, ולכן כל טיפול שיפחית או יגדיל את הסיכון הנ"ל, הוא בעל השפעה חשובה על בריאות האשה. טיפולים המשפיעים על עלייה או ירידה בסיכון לסרטן השד בנשים בעת חדלון הווסת כוללים: טיפול הורמוני חלופי, כריתת שד כטיפול מונע, ומתן טמוקסיפן וראלוקסיפן. בשנה האחרונה, פורסמו מספר מחקרים בנושא, אותם נסקור במאמר זה.

Folic Acid for Preventing Neural Tube Defects

Ziv Gil, Adi Aran, Orna Friedman, Liana Beni-Adani, Shlomo Constantini

Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Dana Children's Hospital, Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv

Spina bifida and anencephaly are the most common, serious malformations in neural tube defects (NTD). Randomized trials in the last 2 decades have demonstrated that folic acid, 0.4 mg/d, reduces the incidence of NTD by more than 50%. We investigated the use of folic acid and multivitamins containing folic acid in childbearing women.

Of 221 women interviewed, 67 (30%) regularly took pills containing 0.4 mg folic acid. Women with higher educational levels were more likely to take multivitamins with folic acid than were the less educated (p=0.05). Of the women who took folic acid, only 5 (7.5%) used separate folic acid tablets, before and during their pregnancy. The rest used multivitamins containing folic acid. The 5 women who took folic acid separately were college-educated and nonreligious, and they took multivitamins in addition (p>0.05).

Of the women interviewed, 58 (26.2%) were Bedouin of the Negev. 24 (41.4%) of them took pills containing folic acid on a regular basis. This percentage is higher than that in the Jewish women in the study who took folic acid for prevention of NTD (17%; p=0.038).

Most of the women took folic acid after the first trimester. Only a minority took daily periconceptional folic acid. Multivitamins containing 0.4 mg of folic acid were more popular than folic acid tablets alone. This study emphasizes the need for continuing efforts to increase consumption of folic acid and awareness of its benefits among women of childbearing age.

Corneal Infection in Wearers of Contact Lenses

Y. Domniz, R. Avisar, H. Savir

Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin; and Hasharon Hospital, Petah Tikva

This is a 5-year retrospective survey of corneal infection in wearers of optical contact lenses (OCL). 23 of the 61 patients (38%; Hasharon Hospital) with positive cultures wore OCL. Visual acuity improved in 15 (65%), no change was noted in 4 (17.5%) and there was deterioration in 4 (17.5%), as compare with status on admission.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common cause of infections among OCL wearers. The improvement in visual acuity expected due to wearing OCL was affected by infections. After Staphylococcus albus infections had the highest rate (100%) of improvement in visual acuity and after Ps. aeruginosa the lowest rate (57.2%) of improvement, as well as the highest rate of deterioration (42.8%) found following recovery.

OCL wearers are at higher risk for damage to visual acuity following corneal infection, and highly virulent infections in OCL wearers are responsible for a high risk of damage to visual acuity.

Treatment of Sputum Retention by Minitracheostomy 

A. Ben-Nun, E. Altman, L.A. Best

General Thoracic Surgery Dept., Rambam Medical Center, Haifa

Maintenance of bronchopulmonary hygiene is mandatory for preventing complications of respiratory therapy in the hospitalized patient. Removal of secretions from the tracheobronchial tree is crucial. Conventional therapy, designed to assist in dislodging airway secretions, includes chest physical therapy, incentive spirometry, transnasal endotracheal suctioning and bronchoscopy.

Minitracheostomy was first described by Matthews and Hopkinson for recurrent endotracheal suctioning in 1984. Since then there have been few papers about it, but they report good results with low morbidity. Despite this, its use is not popular in routine clinical work.

We report our experience with minitracheostomy in the prevention of sputum retention. We conclude that its use is easy, safe and very effective in preventing postoperative and post-traumatic respiratory complications.

Current Trends in Surgery for Female Urinary Stress Incontinence 

M. Neuman, A. Musaiev, Y.Z. Diamant

Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem

Quality of life of 5% of the female population is impaired by urinary stress incontinence. Its cause is pelvic floor relaxation and the cure is surgical. The most widely performed operations are retropubic colposuspensions and sling operations, which have relatively high, well-proven cure rates. Yet because of the long rehabilitation required, gyneco-urologists seek minimally invasive ways to solve the problem.

Vaginal colporrhaphy and laparoscopic operations are not common, but the recently reported TVT might become popular if proven effective.

רונית חיימוב-קוכמן¹, ראובן ברומיקר², אריאל מילויצקי¹

¹מחלקת נשים ויולדות ²והמחלקה לטיפול נמרץ בילוד, בי"ח הדסה הר הצופים, הפקולטה לרפואה, האוניברסיטה העברית, ירושלים

Pre-Induction Sport Activity in Prevention of Stress Fractures 

Aharon S. Finestone, Arieh Eldad, Charles Milgrom

Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces, and Dept. of Orthopedics, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva and Hadassah University Hospital, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem

Pre-induction sports participation of 392 elite infantry recruits was evaluated for correlation with incidence of stress fractures (SF) during 14 weeks of basic training. 23.7% developed lower extremity stress fractures. 72% of the recruits had participated in sports on a regular basis during the 2 years prior to induction. Their fitness as examined by the Bar-Or induction fitness test, was significantly better than that of those who had not trained. 14.9% of the soldiers who had previously participated in ball games (primarily basketball) as an only sport suffered stress fractures, compared to 31.0% of those whose only sport was running (p<0.005).

Training for only 6 months prior to induction had no effect on the incidence of SF. The reason for the difference between ball games and running is probably related to the higher strains and strain rates developed during ball games and to their multidirectional nature, as compared to running.

These findings suggest that participation in a pre-induction program that includes activities that create strains, such as basketball, can reduce incidence of SF in infantry recruits. The training period has to last at least 2 years.

Trends in Epidemiology of Hepatitis in the Israel Defense Forces 

Michael Gdalevich, David Gillis, Daniel Mimouni, Itamar Grotto, Ofer Shpilberg

Institute of Military Medicine, Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces

During the 50's and 60's there were large scale epidemics of hepatitis A every 3-4 years in the Israel Defense Forces. During these epidemics the annual incidence exceeded 10/1000 soldiers at risk. There has been a highly significant decrease in rates during the past 30 years. The average annual incidence of clinically identified viral hepatitis A decreased from an average of 6/1000 during the 60's to 2.5/1000 during the 70's. The decrease coincided with the introduction in the 1970's of wide-scale post-exposure prophylaxis with immune serum globulin (ISG). The incidence was further significantly reduced to 0.5-1.0/1000 with the introduction of pre-exposure prophylaxis with ISG, starting in 1978 (p<0.001).

Other factors probably played a role in accelerating the decline in morbidity, such as improvement in personal hygiene and sanitation facilities, and in waste disposal and other aspects of military environmental health.

These improvements were probably more pronounced in the civilian sector, leading to decreased exposure of children to the virus and consequently a higher proportion of seronegatives at induction. Increase in the proportion of recruits without natural immunity to the virus poses greater risk, both in terms of personal morbidity as well as military operational ability. This risk, combined with problems of ISG use and availability, has propelled hepatitis A prevention policy towards the use of the new inactivated vaccines.

Control of Brucellosis in Taibe: Intersectoral Collaboration

Lutfi Jaber, Shmuel Dahan, Ilana Harari

Bridge-to-Peace Community Pediatric Center, Taibe; Community Pediatrics Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petah Tikva; Sackler Faculty of M, Tel Aviv University; and Israel Ministry of Health, Sharon District

Brucellosis is contracted from domestic animals. Poor hygiene, primitive animal breeding methods and traditional food preparation are the main contributory factors. We describe an intersectoral program for controlling brucellosis in Taibe, an Arab town in Israel, which had a particularly high incidence of the disease in 1992 and 1993.

At the beginning of 1994 the Israel Ministry of Health and the Community Pediatric Center of Taibe established a community-based program for controlling brucellosis in Taibe. It included an intensive public health education campaign and periodic examination and vaccination of animals. Physicians, veterinarians, nurses, school officials and health inspectors were recruited for this purpose. Residents' awareness of brucellosis was determined before and after the study.

After intervention, the incidence of the disease sharply declined from 176.6 and 175.0/100,000 in 1992 and 1993 respectively, to 5.7, 10.4 and 2.5/100,000 in 1994, 1995 and 1996, respectively, (odds-ratio 24.44; p<00000). Residents' awareness of brucellosis and preventive measures were significantly increased by the end of the study. We conclude that intersectoral collaboration is an important tool for controlling brucellosis.

Burns in Children in Israel: Epidemiology, Prevention and Treatment

Arieh Eldad

Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces and Burns Unit, Hadassah University Hospital, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem

45% of all hospitalized burn casualties in Israel are children younger than 16 years old. In various hospitals they make up 30-60% of all burn casualties, depending on the proportion of children in the area of hospital intake, social and economic factors and the type of hospital. Length of hospitalization of children is shorter than that of the general population (7.3 vs 9.0 days). Scalding is the main cause of thermal injuries among babies and infants (70%), while fire burns are the most common causes among adolescents (56.5%); 90% of babies are injured at home; only 40% of adolescents are burned in home accidents.

In Israel, burned children are treated in 25 different hospitals and in departments of pediatric surgery, plastic surgery, general surgery, pediatrics or burn departments. There is no pediatric burn unit in Israel.

Sonographic Demonstration of a Levonorgestrel-Releasing LUD

Yaron Zalel, Doron Kreizer, David Soriano, Reuven Achiron

Ultrasound Unit, Obstetrics and Gynecologic Dept., Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

Mirena, a new intra-uterine device (IUD) introduced in Israel during the past year, releases 20 mcg/day of levonorgestrel for 5 years. It has the advantages of reduced pregnancy rates and diminished menstrual blood loss, together with a low risk of pelvic inflammatory disease compared with current IUD's.

It has a typical sonographic appearance, differing from that of regular IUD's, which was demonstrated in all 15 women examined in this study. Its sonographic appearance includes both proximal and distal ends of the vertical arm of the device, which extend into the internal cervical os and fundal region, respectively. Acoustic shadowing between both ends defines the location of the device, which should help avoid consultations due to "lost IUD's."