תוצאת חיפוש

אמיר ורדי¹, מחמוד עאבד¹, דוד מישאלי², ענבל לוין¹, גדעון פרת¹, זהר ברזילי¹   

שהאב שיהאב (1), קלרה נוטנקו (1), אריאל קורן (2), מירה רון (1), אדוארד סלחוב (3), תיאודור טולצינסקי (3)

משרד הבריאות, לשכת בריאות עכו (1), המח' לרפואת ילדים, מרכז רפואי העמק, עפולה (2), המח' לרפואה מונעת, משרד הבריאות, ירושלים (3)

לחסר דם בגיל הינקות יש השפעה שלילית ובלתי-הפיכה על התפתחותם הקוגניטיבית של ילדים. נערך סקר שמטרתו לבדוק את שיעור ההיארעות של חסר דם בקרב תינוקות ילידי 1995 הנמצאים במעקב בתחנות לבריאות המשפחה בנפת עכו. נבדק הקשר בין שיעור הלוקים בחסר דם למדדים חברתיים-כלכליים ודמוגרפיים שונים. משרד הבריאות ממליץ לתת לכל תינוק תוספת ברזל עד גיל שנה, ובהגיעו לגיל זה הוא מופנה לביצוע נוסחת-דם. תוצאות של בדיקות ההמוגלובין שערכנו הוצלבו עם נתונים ממאגר מידע של לשכת הבריאות. סה"כ נמצאו במעקב 7,925 תינוקות ילידי 1995, ואילו תוצאות בדיקת ההמוגלובין התקבלו מ-5,703 תינוקות.

בקרב 30.8% מכלל התינוקות נמצא המוגלובין הנמוך מ-11 ג'/ד"ל; רובם לקו בחסר דם קל. בקרב 24% מכל התינוקות שנבדקו נמצאה רמת המוגלובין שבין 10.0-10.9 ג'/ד"ל, ורק ב-1% מהנבדקים נמצאה רמת המוגלובין בערך הנמוך מ-9 ג'/ד"ל.

בניתוח הקשר בין שיעור חסר דם למדדים חברתיים-כלכליים ודמוגרפיים נכללו 5,535 תינוקות ממוצא לא יהודי. נמצא קשר מובהק בין שיעור חסר דם לבין מספר הילדים במשפחה (p=0.0005), ונמצא קשר הפוך ומובהק בין השכלת האם לשיעור חסר דם בקרב תינוקות (p=0.001). כמו-כן, הודגם הבדל בשכיחות של חסר דם בהשוואה בין תינוקות מקבוצות אוכלוסייה שונות (p=0.0001).

שיעור חסר דם היה גבוה יותר ביישובים ערבים עם רמה חברתית-כלכלית נמוכה לעומת יישובים עם רמת-חיים גבוהה. השיעור הגבוה ביותר של חסר דם בתינוקות נמצא ביישובים בדואים. ידוע שהרמה החברתית-כלכלית ביישובים בדואים היא נמוכה בהשוואה ליישובים ערביים אחרים.

שיעור התינוקות הלוקים מחסר דם בסקר שערכנו נמוך מזה שנמצא בסקרים דומים שבוצעו בשנות השמונים באזורים שונים בישראל. עם זאת, שכיחות חסר דם באוכלוסייה הלא יהודית באזור עכו היא גבוהה. המימצא מצביע על הצורך בתוכנית התערבות, במטרה להפחית את השכיחות של חסר דם לרמה המקובלת בעולם המערבי, ועל-ידי כך למנוע נזק להתפתחות הקוגניטיבית של תינוקות.

Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Full-Term Neonates

S. Menascu, A. Levitas, A. Golan

Pediatrics B Dept., and Newborn and Preterm Dept., Soroka Medical Center and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba

Intraventricular hemorrhage in full-term neonates is rare; it may develop without any clinical signs. Its cause is not fully understood although some risk factors have been identified. A higher index of suspicion would ensure earlier diagnosis and treatment, which might reduce the rate of severe complications. We describe 2 cases in full-term neonates.

Prematurity: Interplay between Psychological and Biological Risk Factors Leading to Infant Psychopathology

Miri Keren, Galia Tyano, Leah Sirota

Community-based Infant Mental Health Unit, Geha Hospital; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Kibbutz Seminar, Ramat Aviv; Neonatal Intensive Care Nursery, Schneider Children's Hospital, Petah Tikva; and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

Concepts such as risk factor, vulnerability, protective factor and resiliency have become central in the field of developmental psychopathology. The birth of a very-low-birth weight premature baby can be used as a paradigm of the interplay between these factors. Indeed, prematurity implies for both infant and parents, biological as well as psychological risk factors. They may interact in such a way that the child's emotional, cognitive and social development will deviate from normal. Understanding the psychological impact of premature birth includes reference to both the normal psychological processes that characterize pregnancy that are jeopardized by a premature, often traumatic delivery, and to the special significance of being a parent in the Special Care Nursery.

The contrast between the expected appearance of the baby and that of the sick-looking, tiny premature, together with uncertainty about its medical status, often affect the parents' bonding process. In addition, must learn quickly to cope with issues such as total dependence on a verybusy team, loss of control of the care of their baby, and their unclear roles as parents. Added to these risk factors are the specific neurobehavioral characteristics of premature babies, which often make it hard for parents to read their cues and respond to them properly.

A clinical vignette illustrates the chain of psychological and biological events that lead to severe disturbance of the early parent-child relationship. It also brings up the question of psychosocial intervention in the Special Care Nursery, both in terms of early detection of families at risk and the types of intervention.

Advantages of Standardized Protocol for Oral Rehydration in Acute Pediatric Gastroenteritis

Avi Weizman, Ahmed Alsheikh, Laura Herzog, Asher Tal, Rafael Gorodischer

Pediatric Depts. A and B, Soroka Medical Center; and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba

Oral rehydration (OR) for acute gastroenteritis in infants and children has been shown to be as effective as IV therapy, with less discomfort and lower costs. In this retrospective study we compared 2 pediatric wards, in 1 of which only a standardized, simplified, bedside protocol, based on American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines, was used.

There were no significant clinical characteristics in the 208 patients. In the ward which used the above protocol, OR utilization was significantly more frequent than in the other ward (48% versus 15%), thus saving equipment costs of nearly $1,000/3 months. There were no significant differences in outcome between the wards.

We conclude that introducing a standardized management protocol may increase OR utilization in hospitalized children with acute diarrhea.
 

Life-Threatening Echovirus 11 Infection During First Month of Life

U. Rubinstein, M. Weisbrod, B. Garty

Neonatal Dept., Laniado Hospital, Kiriat Zans, Natanya; and Pediatrics B, Dept., Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petah Tikva

Infection with Echovirus 11 is mostly asymptomatic, but it may cause a wide variety of clinical diseases, from gastroenteritis to serious diseases such as meningitis and myocarditis. In small infants, especially during the first days of life, echovirus infection may appear as a sepsis-like illness, and cause disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and shock.

We present 2 infants with severe echovirus 11 infections. A 3.5-month old died within 24 hours of shock and probably myocarditis. The other, 6-days old, presented with meningitis, hepatitis and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. It recovered after treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin.

Echovirus 11 may cause life-threatening infections in small infants. Pediatricians should be alert to the special characteristics of this disease.

Plication of Diaphragm for Postoperative, Phrenic Nerve Injury in Infants and Young Children

Yael Refaely, David A. Simansky, Michael Paley, Alon Yellin

Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

Paralysis of the diaphragm may cause life-threatening respiratory distress in infants and young children because of paradoxical motion of the affected diaphragm and contralateral shift of the mediastinum during expiration. Phrenic nerve injury (PNI) may follow chest operations.

10 children with diaphragmatic paralysis and severe respiratory distress underwent plication of the diaphragm. Ages ranged from 14 days to 5 years. 9 had PNI after operations for congenital heart disease and 1 after resection of an intraspinal cervical lipoma. The right side was affected in 7, the left in 3.

Indication for surgery was inability to wean from mechanical ventilation, which had ranged from 11 to 152 days (median 35). 8 underwent plication via a thoracic approach and 2 via an abdominal approach. There were no complications directly related to the operation.

The interval from plication to weaning from mechanical ventilation ranged from 2 to 140 days (median 4). 1 patient died 2 hours after plication due to severe heart failure and 2 after prolonged hospitalization due to sepsis and multi-organ failure. 6 were extubated 2-8 days (median 4) after plication and 1 only after 40 days.

Early diaphragmatic plication is simple and avoids more serious surgery. While effective in ventilator-dependent infants and young children, it should not be used in those with multi-organ failure. Early plication may prevent the complications of prolonged mechanical ventilation.

Plagiocephaly in Children: Etiology, Differential Diagnosis and Helmet Treatment

A. Margulis, V. Hatuel, A. Weinberg, A. Neuman, Z. Israel, M.R. Wexler

Depts. of Plastic Surgery, Occupational Therapy, and Neurosurgery, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem

Plagiocephaly in a head-and-neck irradiated rat model or rhomboid-shaped head, occurs in at least 1 in 300 live births. In most cases such asymmetry is not caused by synostosis of the unilateral coronal or lambdoid sutures, but is rather a deformity produced by intrauterine and/or postnatal deformational forces. Categorization and diagnosis of plagiocephaly as synostotic or deformational is reliably made by physical examination and computerized tomography. Its differential diagnosis is extremely important because prompt surgical correction is usually indicated for the synostotic type. In contrast, infants with deformational frontal or occipital plagiocephaly generally respond to helmet treatment.

10 infants with significant deformational plagiocephaly were treated with individual plastic helmets during the past 2 years and 4 other infants with plagiocephaly are currently being treated. In each instance, cranial asymmetry dramatically improved as the brain grew and the head filled out the helmet. There were no significant complications. Awareness of deformational plagiocephaly allows more accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment, avoiding unnecessary surgical intervention in patients with positional molding.

Atypical Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis

O. Eyal, A. Asia, U. Yorgenson, H. Nagar, Z. Schpirer

Pediatric and Pediatric Surgery Depts., Dana Hospital, Tel Aviv- Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv

Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is the most common reason for nonbilious vomiting in infants. Its cause is unknown. Hypertrophy of pyloric muscle can progress after birth and reach complete gastric outlet obstruction. Usually symptoms start after the age of 3 weeks. In the past diagnosis was based on history of projectile, nonbilious vomiting and palpation of a pyloric mass. Greater awareness of IHPS and increased use of imaging modalities, mainly abdominal ultrasonography, have resulted in a change in the clinical condition at presentation. The length of illness before admission has decreased and weight loss, dehydration and metabolic abnormalities have become less common. We describe an atypical clinical manifestation of IHPS: bilious vomiting. This atypical presentation may be due to earlier diagnosis.
 

Treating Mother and Baby in Conjoint Hospitalization in a Psychiatric Hospital

Shmuel Maizel, Vladislav Fainstein, Sarah K. Katzenelson

Dept. B, Eitanim Mental Health Center, Jerusalem

Since 1990 we have been admitting mothers with postpartum psychiatric morbidity together with their babies to our open psychiatric ward. The aim of conjoint hospitalization is to maintain and develop the bond between mother and baby while treating the mother's psychiatric disorder. The presence of the infant in the hospital allows both a thorough evaluation of the mothers' maternal ability and to use the infant as a facilitator of the mothers' recovery by engaging maternal functions. It prevents the infants from being placed in a foster home for the duration of the mothers' hospitalization. Readily available in Britain and Australia, such conjoint hospitalization is controversial and rarely available elsewhere. In the past 5 years we hospitalized 10 women with 11 babies (1 woman was hospitalized twice, after different births). All women had received psychiatric treatment prior to childbirth, but this was the first psychiatric hospitalization for 2 of them. Diagnoses (DSM-IIIR) were chronic paranoid schizophrenia (4), disorder (4), schizo-affective schizophrenia (1) and borderline disorder (1). 8 were suffering from active psychotic symptoms on admission. They were treated pharmacologically, received individual and group psychotherapy, and participated in all ward activities. Families were engaged in marital, family and/or individual therapy according to need. All participated in cognitive-behavior treatment tailored to individual need to build and enrich the mother-infant bond. All improved significantly and were able to function independently on discharge, but in 1 case adoption was recommended.

Feeding Disorders in Infancy: Feeding Interaction Concept in Diagnosis and Treatment

Miri Keren, Samuel Tyano

Community-based Mental Health Baby Clinic, Gehah Hospital and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

In infancy clinical manifestations of psychological distress are mainly somatic. Feeding disorders are one of the most common and nonspecific manifestations of different kinds of disturbed parent-child relationships. These disturbances may have their origins in the baby's constitution and physical status, in the parent's personality structure, or both, as has been conceptualized in the transactional model of normal and abnormal development. Among the daily interactions a baby has with parents, feeding has special inherent impact on the early parent-child relationship because of its psychological meanings. Therefore, feeding disorders, with or without failure to thrive, often reflect various disorders of infancy, still not well recognized in the medical community, such as regulatory disorders, attachment disorders, depression of infancy, disorders of separation-individuation, and post-traumatic eating disorder. 3 clinical cases are brought to increase awareness of psychological distress in the infant, and of feeding disorders as 1 of its manifestations. Each illustrates a different kind of feeding disorder in terms of etiology and pathogenesis. Through these cases we emphasize the need for a multidisciplinary, integrative approach in diagnosis and treatment. Our conceptual background is based both on the transactional model of development (infant and parental factors impact on each other) in a very dynamic paradigm, and on psychodynamic premises. Intrapsychic conflicts and past representations impact heavily on the parenting characteristics. We emphasize the psychological significance of disturbed feeding interactions, with or without failure to thrive.

Evaluation of a Local Infant Formula Enriched with Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Zvi Weizman, Elena Brutman, Drora Leader, Chaim Zegerman

Pediatric Gastroenterology Dept. and Nutrition Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Soroka Medical Center, Beer Sheba;

and Ma'abarot Products Industry, Kibbutz Ma'abarot

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are vital for the normal development of the brain and the eye retina in infancy. Breast milk contains significant amounts of PUFA, and compensates for their low production in infancy. Only recently a few companies with worldwide product distribution have started to enrich infant formula with PUFA. We evaluated the safety and clinical efficacy of a locally made PUFA-enriched infant formula, produced for the first time in Israel.

50 normal, full term infants participated in a prospective, randomized double-blind study. Half received a regular whey-predominant infant formula (Materna Plus), and the other half a PUFA-enriched formula (Materna Premium), both produced in Israel, for 30 days. Evaluation included physical examination, growth parameters, stool analysis, daily parental questionnaires regarding infant behavior and defecation, and developmental assessment.

There were no significant differences on comparing growth parameters, infant behavior, attacks of restlessness, gas severity, or stool characteristics in the 2 groups. There were no side effects or abnormal stool findings in either group, and no differences in developmental assessment at 3 months of age.

We conclude that the locally-produced PUFA-enriched infant formula is safe and clinically efficient. We assume that the lack of any effect on developmental indices is due to the relatively short exposure to the PUFA-enriched diet. Nevertheless, based on the recent literature, there is no doubt that PUFA supplementation isvital in improving infant brain and eye development.

Hyponatremia due to Prolonged Excessive Ingestion of Water

I. Shavit, J. Diment, S. Ravid, N. Shehadeh

Dept. of Pediatrics A, Rambam Medical Center and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa

We report a 1.5-year-old boy admitted for restlessness and constipation. He was found to have hyponatremia caused by voluntary drinking of excessive amounts of water. Although unusual in children, intoxication by oral water is a recognized clinical syndrome in infants, 3-6 months old, fed with dilute formula. Water intoxication in older children is rare. The diagnosis was established by the water deprivation test.

High Dose Oral Prednisone for Hemangiomas in Infants

Nahum Sadan, Baruch Wolach

Pediatrics Dept., Meir General Hospital, Sapir Medical Center, Kfar Saba and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

Over a 24-year period, 62 infants (47 girls) with hemangiomas were treated with an initial dose of either 3 or 5 mg/kg/day of oral prednisone for 2 weeks, after which the dose was gradually tapered off during 6-8 weeks. Few patients required longer treatment. Results were judged to be excellent in 68% of infants and good in 25%. Treatment was considered a failure in only 7%. The initial dose of 5 mg/kg/day was more effective than the smaller dose (p<0.001). Of the 62 patients, 49 received 1 course of treatment, 8 required 2 courses and 5 required 3 courses. Retreatment was given whenever significant regrowth occurred. Side-effects were not serious, and resolved when treatment was discontinued. Treatment was indicated when the location of the lesions caused interference with important functions or when the lesions were likely to damage anatomic structures. Special attention was paid to early treatment of eye and subglottic hemangiomas. In all 22 children with hemangiomas of the eye (most with an orbital component), shrinkage of the lesion was observed within 24 hours of initiating treatment. In 19 of the 22 there was no residual of the hemangioma 1-18 years later. Such lesions deserve early treatment, not just as cosmetic emergencies, but to prevent secondary amblyopia. Early treatment of subglottic hemangiomas is also mandatory because they are potentially life- threatening. We conclude that oral prednisone is very effective in the treatment of hemangiomas of infants when given at a high dose for an adequate period of time.