דפנה ברסוק^1,5, חיים ברקנשטט^2,5, מיכאל שטיין³, גיא לין⁴, אמיתי זיו⁵

¹המח' לכירורגיה ואונקולוגיה ג', מרכז רפואי שיבא תל-השומר, ²המערך להרדמה וטיפול נמרץ, מרכז רפואי שיבא, ³היח' לטראומה,מרכז רפואי רבין, קמפוס בילינסון, ⁴ענף טראומה, מיפקדת קצין רפואה ראשי, צה"ל, ⁵מס"ר- המרכז הארצי להדמיה (סימולציה) ברפואה.

עם פיתוחם של מכשירי הדמיה (סימולטורים, להלן מ"ה)¹ מתקדמים. המאפשרים הדרכה מובנית והערכה סטנדרדית של יכולות ביצוע מגוונות. התפתח באופן ניכר תחום ההדרכה וההערכה של מיומנויות רפואיות מורכבות. בעבודה זו בדקנו את דעתם של המתורגלים על תרומת הלימוד במ"ה מתקדמים לתיגבור התירגול המתקיים במסגרת השתלמות ה-ATLS (Advancesd Trauma Life Support). עבודת המחקר בוצעה במס"ר (המרכז הארצי לסימולציה רפואית)  בתל-השומר. במחקר הייתה הסתייעות במ"ה מתקדמים: האחד, HPS (Human Patient Simulator), המיועד להדמיה בתחומי הרפואה הדחופה, הרדמה, וטיפול הנמרץ; השני, SimMan, המיועד בעיקר להדרכה בתחומי ההחייאה.

לצורך הניסוי פותחו ארבעה תרחישים של בעיות קריטיות שכיחות בטיפול בנפגעי טראומה טרם הגיעם לבית-החולים. בניסוי השתתפו 82 רופאים וחובשים צבאיים בסדיר ובמילואים, שתירגלו את התרחישים בהדרכת מדריכים בכירים, תוך הסתייעות בתיעוד שמיעתי-ראייתי (audio-visual) של כל הפעילות. מתוצאות עבודה ראשונית זאת עולה, כי יש מקום לבדוק את ההסתייעות בהדמיה מתקדמת בתחום הכשרת מיומנויות קליניות של רופאים וצוותות רפואיים והערכתן לטיפול הראשוני בנפגעי טראומה.

יעקב שבירו (1), רומליה קורן (2), ליזה זוהר (3), טוביה הדר (1), רפאל פיינמסר (1), קרול סגל (1)

(1) המח' לרפואת אא"ג ניתוחי ראש וצוואר, (2) המח' לפתולוגיה, (2) המח' להרדמה, מרכז רפואי רבין, הפקולטה לרפואה סאקלר, אוניברסיטת תל-אביב

הטיפול המקובל בשאתות ממאירות של מיתרי הקול בשלבים מוקדמים הוא הקרנות. בשנים האחרונות צבר הטיפול בלייזר CO2 תאוצה רבה, ובחלק מהחולים הוא מחליף את הטיפול בהקרנות.

מזה כארבע שנים מטפלים המחברים במרכז הרפואי רבין בשאתות של מיתרי הקול באמצעות לייזר CO2, ובמאמר הנוכחי מובא ניסיון המחברים בטיפול בשאתות ממאירות של מיתרי הקול מסוג סרטן האפיתל הקשקשי בשלבים מוקדמים (T1 ו-T2) באמצעות לייזר בלבד, ללא תוספת קרינה.

21 חולים עם שאתות במיתרי הקול בשלבים מוקדמים טופלו באמצעות לייזר 2CO. תשעה-עשר מהם לקו בשאת בדרגה 1T הממוקמת על מיתר קול אחד, בשלושה מהם התפשטה השאת לשליבה הקדמית – באחד מהם עם מעורבות של המיתר השני בחלקו הקדמי.

שני חולים לקו בשאת בדרגה 2T, באחד מהם התפשטה השאת למיתר הקול המדומה ובאחד הייתה מגבלה קלה של תנועתיות ממיתר נגוע.

החולים נמצאים במעקב בין חודש לארבע שנים.

בחולה אחד בלבד שלקה בשאת בדרגה 1T חלה הישנות מקומית כעבור חצי שנה, ואף חולה לא נפטר במהלך המעקב.

לסיכום, בחירה זהירה וקפדנית של החולים (בדרגות 1T ו-2T), כריתה של השאת בגבולות בריאים ומעקב ארוך-טווח הם המישלב הנדרש להצלחת הטיפול בלייזר 2CO כטיפול יחיד לשאתות מוקדמות במיתרי הקול.

מרים גאל-דור, חיה לוי, יוסף אלידן ואילן ארד

נודעת חשיבות רבה לאיתור מוקדם של ליקויי שמיעה בתינוקות, על מנת לשפר את סיכויי שיקומם בעתיד. בשנים האחרונות פותחו ברחבי העולם שיטות סינון שמיעה לילודים. בדיקת סינון שמיעה לילודים באמצעות רישום הפלט האקוסטי החלה בבית-החולים הדסה עין-כרם באוקטובר 1999, ובמסגרת עובר כל ילוד בדיקת סינון טרם שיחרורו מבית-החולים. במקרה של אי-תקינות הבדיקה נשלח התינוק למעקב במכון לאודיולוגיה והפרעות בתקשורת, ובהתאם לתוצאות מבוצע איבחון אודיולוגי מלא.

ילודים בקבוצת סיכון גבוה ללקויי שמיעה מוזמנים למעקב, גם אם הרישום בבדיקה הראשונית היה תקין. התוצאות הראשוניות של 8,982 ילודים שנבדקו מאוקטובר 1999 עד ספטמבר 2001 הראו, כי ב-93.5% מהילדים פורשה הבדיקה כתקינה, ב-4.2% התקבל רישום חד-צדדי בלבד ורק ב-2.2% מהילדים לא התקבל רישום דו-צדדי. מתוך התינוקות שהוזמנו למעקב, שיעור השבים למעקב היה נמוך ביותר בתחילה, אך השתפר בהמשך בעקבות מכתבים ושיחות טלפון. תוצאות המעקב מראות כי אותרו שישה תינוקות לקויי שמיעה מתחת לגיל 3 חודשים, מתוכם ארבעה השייכים לקבוצת סיכון גבוה. הרושם המתקבל הוא, כי מערך סינון השמיעה לילודים באמצעות רישום הפלט האקוסטי הוא יעיל ומתאים לאיתור מוקדם של לקויי-שמיעה. יחד-עם-זאת ראוי לשקול את כדאיות הפעלת הסינון בהתחשב בעלותו.

יעל אסטרייכר-קדם, דין עד-אל, אייל גור, רפאל פיינמסר וטומס שפיצר

שאת האפיתל הקשקשי של הלוע התחתון היא מחלה תוקפנית בעלת פרוגנוזה גרועה. חולים העוברים ניתוח לכריתת השאת זקוקים לשיחזור הלוע התחתון והוושט. מיתלה חופשי מהמעי הצם נחשב היום לטיפול הבחירה של שיחזורי הלוע התחתון. בעבודה זו מוצגת סידרה של חמישה חולים הלוקים בשאת האפיתל הקשקשי של הלוע התחתון, שעברו כריתה מלאה של הלוע והגרון במרכז הרפואי רבין, ושיחזור עם מיתלה חופשי מהמעי הצם.

שלושה חולים ניתן היה להחזיר לתזונה פומית כשבועיים לאחר הניתוח. בחולה אחת התהווה נצור בין הלוע המשוחזר לעור הצוואר, ולכן היא המשיכה לקבל הזנה אך ורק בפיום המעי הצם. בחולה אחת התהווה נמק של המיתלה החופשי, והוא ניכרת. למרות התחלואה הכרוכה בניתוחי הלוע התחתון וסיכויי הריפוי הנמוכים, הרי ששיחזור מוצלח עם מיתלה מהמעי הצם מאפשר חזרה לתזונה פומית ולשיפור ניכר באיכות-חייו של החולה.

The Influence of the Presence of Students on the Consultation - Attitudes of Tutors in Family Medicine Clinics

Shlomo Vinker, Shlomo Monnickendam, Orly Cohen, Simon Zalewski and Eliezer Kitai

Dept of Family Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, University of Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv.

Background: The consultation is the pivot of clinical teaching in ambulatory care. It is therefore essential that students observe the consultation. The students' presence itself influences the consultation and also requires the patients' consent. Moreover the introduction in Israel of the ``Patients' Rights Act'' in 1996 has made us more acutely aware of the place of the patient in teaching especially with regard to the consent to be part of the teaching process.

Aim: This study was undertaken in order to investigate how tutors in family medicine perceive changes in the consultation caused by the presence of students.

Methods: An anonymous physician questionnaire was distributed on the first day of the 6th year clinical clerkship in family medicine. The questions pertained to perceived influence on length and content of the consultation. In addition physician and patient background information was gathered; and the physicians were asked to estimate the patients' willingness to be part of the teaching process.

Results: 46 tutors in family medicine participated, 70% of whom were female. Sixty four percent of the doctors thought that the student's presence had an influence on the consultation. Ninety one percent thought that it increased consultation length, especially of the physical part (93%). More than half thought that the student's presence might interfere with asking intimate questions. The majority held the opinion that the patient's gender and socioeconomic background were inconsequential. Ninety two percent of physicians estimated that 5% or less of the patients would refuse the presence of a student.

In conclusion: Tutors in family medicine think that the presence of a student affects the consultation. Those involved in and responsible for teaching should take this into account. Further research of these changes with objective measurements is needed.

The Chemotherapeutic Treatment of Advanced Hodgkin's Disease

R. Epelbaum¹, N. Haim¹, M. Ben-Shahar¹, I. Valtuch¹, D. Faraggi³, A. Sharabi-Nov³, Y. Ben-Arie², Y. Cohen⁴

Departments of Oncology¹ and ²Pathology, Rambam Medical Center, and Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; ³Department of Statistics, Haifa University, Haifa; and ⁴Department of Oncology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheba

Between 1972 and 1994, 121 adult patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease received MOPP (M) combination chemotherapy, MOPP alternating with ABVD (M-A) or MOPP and ABV hybrid (M/A). Radiation therapy was given to 1/3 of them. The median age was 35 years, 58% had stage III and 42% had stage IV disease. Failure-free survival at 10 years was 43.9%. It was 66.7%, 48.4% and 29.9% for patients treated by M/A, M-A and M, respectively. Overall survival at 10 years was 40.8%, and 78.2%, 48% and 27.7% for patients treated by M/A, M-A and M, respectively. Multivariate analysis found age (above or below 65 years) and combination chemotherapy (with or without adriamycin) to be significant prognostic factors. M/A combination was more myelotoxic, while M combination caused more second primaries. Today, 80% of patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease may be cured, with low rate of long-term toxicity.

Screening for Early Detection of Prostatic Cancer

A. Neheman, Y. Shotland, Y. Metz, A. Stein

Dept. of Urology, Carmel Hospital, Lady Davis Medical Center, Haifa

Prostatic cancer (PC) is second only to lung cancer as a cause of cancer mortality in men word-wide. In Israel it is the most common cause of cancer mortality in men, after lung cancer and colo-rectal cancer.

We screened, for the first time in Israel, for prostatic cancer using serum levels of PSA and a digital rectal examination (DRE). The purpose was not only to diagnose PC but also to increase public awareness of the condition.

300 men in the Haifa area who met statistical criteria for early diagnosis of PC participated. They filled a questionnaire regarding risk factors for PC (age, family history (FH) of prostatic and breast cancer, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, previous PSA sampling) and were examined. Those who had out-of-ragne, age-related PSA values, or a pathologic DRE underwent trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS) examination and guided biopsy of the prostate. Those with a positive biopsy for PC underwent radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy.

41 (14.3%) had out-of-range, age-related PSA levels and 10 (3.5%) had a pathologic DRE. 39 (13.3%) underwent TRUS and biopsy and 6 (2.04%) had clinically significant PC, all early stages (Gleason 4-6).

Correlation between age and PSA has been proven statistically significant (p<0.05). Symptoms of urinary tract obstruction and nocturia were related to a high PSA (p=0.035 and 0.002, respectively). Those with PC had at least 1 symptom of urinary tract obstruction; 6 (15.3%) who underwent TRUS and biopsy and a FH of prostate cancer. However, no subject with a FH of PC had biopsy-proven cancer. Those with PC had PSA values from 4.9 to 31.8 ng/ml (9.6 median). Age-related PSA had a positive predictive value of 17.1%.

Results of our annual screening for early detection of PC using age-related PSA, and DRE are encouraging: cases detected were clinically significant and treatable. It would appear that screening for PC will result in decreasing the incidence of metastatic cancer and therefore mortality. 
 

Assisted Reproductive Technologies Reported in Israel National Registry, 1995 and 1996

V. Insler, O. Gonnen, D. Levran, Y. Lotan, B. Fish, G. Potashnik, A. Kogosovsky, R. Ron-El

Committee of the Israel National Registry Assisted Reproductive Technologies*

National registration of the results of assisted reproductive technology (ART) is maintained by many countries. The Israel Committee for Registry of ART asked 19 in-vitro fertilization (IVF) units in 1995 and 20 in 1996 to report on their activities and results.

Data were collected by questionnaires and analyzed by computer. The most common ovarian stimulation was the combination of GnRH agonist and gonadotropins. There were 10,89 treatment cycles in 1995, of which 45% were with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). In 1996, of 12,72 cycles, 54% were with the ICSI procedure. Embryos were transferred into the uterine cavity in 90% of the conventional IVF cycles and in 95% of the ICSI cycles. The overall pregnancy rate was 22% per embryo transfer in the conventional IVF and ICSI cycles. The delivery rate was 13.7% and 15.4% per embryo transfer in the conventional IVF and ICSI cycles, respectively. The rates for abortion and tubal pregnancy were 24% and 1.3%, respectively.

These results are better than in previous years and are comparable with results in some western European countries. Efforts are being made to convert the registry into a real-time computerized system.

Committee of the Israel National Registry of ART.

Preservation of the Larynx in Advanced Cancer

Edward Rosenblatt, Nava Siegelmann-Danieli, Jemal Zidan, Nisim Haim, Abraham Kuten

Oncology Dept., Rambam Medical Center and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa

The effectiveness of sequential chemo-radiotherapy in preserving the larynx in advanced laryngeal carcinoma was assessed. 4 Unselected patients (19 men and 2 women, mean age 60 years) with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx (T3-4/N0-3) received induction chemotherapy consisting of 2-3 cycles of cisplatin (100 mg/m²) and 5-flourouracil (1000 mg/m²/day) as a continuous infusion on days 1-5 followed by definitive radiotherapy: 50 Gy to the whole neck, 70 Gy to the larynx and clinically involved nodes, using a combination of 6 MV photons and 9-12 MeV electrons.

19 of The 21 patients responded to combined therapy but there was no response to induction therapy in 2 (10%) and 2 did not complete therapy due to severe toxicity. At a mean follow-up of 40 months, 7 had undergone total laryngectomy (33%), for an overall 5-year laryngeal preservation rate of 66%. Reasons for total laryngectomy in 2 patients were no response and in 5 tumor recurrence.

Mean survival was 39 months (range 11-46 months); at last follow-up 17 of 21 were alive and disease-free, 11 of whom had a functional larynx (65% of survivors). 2 died due to disease progression and 1 due to a cardiovascular event. Sequential chemo-radiation allows laryngeal preservation in about 2/3 of surviving patients without compromising survival.

Relationship between Occupation and Clinical Characteristics during Pregnancy and Recommendation to Stop Working

S. Gazit-Nissim, E. Sheiner, M. Mazor, I. Shoham-Vardi

Depts. of Epidemiology and Health Services Evaluation, and of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka University Medical Center and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba

We examined the relationship between occupation and clinical characteristics during pregnancy and medical recommendations to stop working. Using a case-control design, we compared 58 working women who had preterm births, with 126 who had delivered at term. All women were interviewed postpartum while still in hospital.

There were no differences between the groups with regard to physical activity outside the home, weekly work hours, nor duration of work. Only a small proportion had been exposed to unusually difficult working conditions, to hazardous agents or to a very uncomfortable working environment. Women who had had preterm births were advised more often to leave their jobs or modify their working patterns. Multivariate analysis revealed that the physician's decision to recommend cessation of work was influenced primarily by complications during the current pregnancy.

It appears that our patients at risk for preterm birth are probably correctly identified, and receive appropriate guidelines as to working patterns. It is possible that a poor obstetric history or previous abortions may paradoxically have a protective effect, as they influence the physician to recommend cessation of work.

Diabetes and Premature Delivery: Etiology and Risk Factors 

Avi Beigelman, Arnon Wiznitzer, Ilana Shoham-Vardi, Hilel Vardi, Gershon Holtcberg, Moshe Mazor

Depts. of Obstetrics and Gynecology and of Epidemiology and Health Services Evaluation, Soroka Medical Center and Faculty of Health Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba

Preterm birth is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality, while preterm labor and delivery in diabetes mellitus (DM) carries an increased risk of perinatal complications. We investigated the hypothesis that DM (gestational and pregestational) is an independent risk factor for preterm birth and evaluated the hypothesis that the risk factors for preterm birth in diabetics are different from those in non-diabetics.

The study population consisted of all singleton deliveries at this hospital between 1990-1997. Excluded were those of mothers who had not had prenatal care, or who had only partial care or multiple gestations. There were 3 subgroups: 834 women with pregestational DM, 3,841 with gestational DM, and 66,253 non-diabetics.

The combined spontaneous and induced preterm delivery rate was determined in each subgroup. Potential risk factors for spontaneous preterm deliveries were assessed by a univariate model. A logistic regression model was used to assess the unique contribution of DM (gestational and pregestational) to preterm delivery in the presence of the other risk factors, and to compare risk factors for preterm delivery between subgroups.

The prevalence of spontaneous preterm delivery was: 7.1% in non-diabetics, 10.0% in those with gestational DM and 25.5% in those with pregestational DM. When adjusted by a multivariate model for other risk factors for preterm delivery, DM still remained an independent risk factor for spontaneous preterm delivery (gestational DM: odds ratio 1.28, 95% CI: 1.1-1.48; pregestational diabetes: odds ratio 3.4, 95% CI: 2.65-4.36).

The main difference in risk factors for preterm birth between the 3 subgroups was the amount of amniotic fluid. Polyhydramnios was an independent risk factor for preterm delivery in non-diabetics and in pregestational DM, but not in gestational DM. On the other hand, oligohydramnios was associated with a higher risk for preterm delivery only in gestational DM compared to non-diabetics.

DM (gestational and pregestational) is an independent risk factor for spontaneous preterm delivery. Polyhydramnios is an independent risk factor for preterm delivery in pregestational but not in gestational DM. Oligohydramnios is a greater risk factor for preterm delivery in gestational DM compared to non-diabetics.

Preflight Assessment by Hypoxic Inhalation Test in Cardio-Pulmonary Patients 

J. Lebzelter, G. Fink, E. Kleinman, I. Rosenberg, M.R. Kramer

Pulmonology Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva

Flying may expose passengers to hypoxic conditions, which may induce hypoxemia, particularly in those with chronic heart and/or lung disease. Onset of dyspnea, wheezing, chest pain, cyanosis and right heart failure can lead to urgent need for oxygen during flight. The hypoxia inhalation test (HIT) provides a safe and simple means of identifying those who may develop hypoxemia during flight.

We report our experience with 48 self-reporting patients who underwent HIT prior to pre-planned air travel. They inhaled for 15-minute periods a reduced oxygen concentration (F₁O₂ 15%) under normobaric conditions, during which O₂ saturation was monitored by pulse oximeter; electrocardiogram, blood pressure and symptoms were also monitored. O₂ saturation of 85% (PaO₂ 50 mm Hg) was considered a positive test. In the 8 cases (17%) with a positive test, 5 had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and 3 had cardiovascular and/or combined heart-lung disease.

We calculated predicted O₂ partial pressure in altitude (PaO₂ ALT) and compared it to actual results in the 8 patients with a positive HIT. In 5, use of the predicted formula would have under-diagnosed the hypoxemia that developed during the HIT. Thus, the results of the HIT changed treatment strategy in these patients. We recommend that patients with positive tests use O₂ (2LPM or 4LPM) during flight.

HIT is practical and of potential benefit in the objective assessment of patients with various degrees of heart, lung or combined heart-lung disease. Clinicians should be aware of the relative risk of hypoxia during flight in such patients, and of the value of HIT in identifying them, leading to increase in its use.

Relationship Between Preterm Birth and Exertion During Pregnancy

S. Gazit-Nissim, E. Sheiner, M. Mazor, I. Shoham-Vardi

Depts. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Epidemiology and of Health Services Evaluation, Soroka-University Medical Center, and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba

The relationship between physical activity at home and at work during pregnancy and preterm birth was studied. Using a case-control design, 99 women who delivered preterm were compared with 189 women who had term deliveries. The risk of preterm birth was tested in relation to characteristics of work in and outside the home. All women were interviewed post-partum before discharge.

There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in relation to sociodemographic and obstetrical factors, but level of education was significantly lower in the study group versus the control group (p=0.001).

Women who delivered preterm had devoted less time 3 months prior to delivery to household chores (mean of 3.7 hours vs. 4.8 hours in the control group, p=0.002). They also had spent less time walking around the home than the controls (1.2 vs. 1.5 hours, p=0.02). There were no differences between the groups in relation to physical activity outside the home, not during working hours, nor in duration of work. Significantly fewer women who delivered preterm were active in sports (odds ratio 0.22; 95% confidence interval 0.50-0.65; p=0.002).

A low level of education was significantly related to the risk of preterm birth, which may have resulted from lesser compliance with their physician's recommendations. It appears that in women not used to significant physical activity but who had access to adequate prenatal care, physical effort during pregnancy was not related to a higher risk of preterm birth.