תוצאת חיפוש

פיטר סמוק, בוריס גורביץ, זהר דותן, דיב זבידה, דניאל גבע וטיבריו עזרי

המטרה במחקר הנוכחי היתה בדיקת המשמעות הקלינית ועלות בדיקות מעבדה ובדיקות עזר כסקר טרום-ניתוחי בחולים צעירים בבית-חולים ציבורי בישראל.

מתוך מטרה לברר את המשמעות הקלינית ביחס לעלות של בדיקות מעבדה ובדיקות עזר טרום-ניתוחיות בבית-חולים ציבורי בישראל, נסקרו תיקיהם של 300 חולים צעירים (18-40 שנה) שהוגדרו כ- ASA 1 על פי סולם סיכון ההרדמה של איגוד המרדימים האמריקאי (ASA). משמעות חיובית של בדיקות מעבדה ובדיקות עזר הוגדרה כשתוצאות הבדיקות הובילו לקביעת אבחנה חדשה, לעיכוב הניתוח או לדחייתו.

מתוך 300 חולים, בקרב 34 (11%) נמצאו בבדיקות מעבדה ובדיקות עזר טרום-ניתוחיות מימצאים פתולוגיים. בקרב 31 (91%) מהם נמצא קשר ישיר בין הבדיקה הפתולוגית לבין האנאמנזה או מימצאי הבדיקה הגופנית. אצל אף אחד מהחולים לא נמצאה יותר מבדיקה פתולוגית אחת.

מכלל 300 החולים, בשלושה חולים בלבד נקבעה אבחנה שלא היתה ידועה, ומתוכם לחולה אחד בלבד היתה האבחנה שנקבעה בעלת משמעות קלינית.

העלות הכוללת של בדיקות המעבדה ובדיקות העזר הטרום-ניתוחיות לחולים שנכללו בעבודה היתה 114,000 ש"ח.

ניתן היה לחסוך מעלות זו 104,000 (93%) לו היו נמנעים מביצוע בדיקות קדם-ניתוחיות לחולים ללא אנאמנזה או מימצאים בבדיקה הגופנית. אנו סבורים שניתן להימנע מביצוע בדיקות קדם-ניתוחיות בקבוצת החולים הצעירים עד גיל 40 שנה ללא אנאמנזה או מימצאים בבדיקה הגופנית, הזקוקים לניתוחים קטנים, זאת מבלי לחשוף אותם לסיכון נוסף.

משה פיינסוד

החטיבה למדעי הנירולוגיה הקלינית, מרכז רפואי רמב"ם, הפקולטה לרפואה רפפורט, הטכניון, חיפה

בשנת 1792 נאלץ מנתח צעיר בשם Larry לכרות את רגלו החבולה של חייל. למדנותו ושליטתו בספרות המדעית העדכנית שולבו בסקרנותו המדעית והפכו אירוע שיגרתי לכאורה לניסוי חדשני בנירופיסיולוגיה יישומית, מרגע שהשתמש ברגל הכרותה להוכחת תקפות תצפיותיו של Galvani בצפרדעים על גוף האדם. Larry אף העז וחזה – ובכך הקדים בכמה דורות את זמנו – שגריית עצבים בתת-עור בזרם הגלווני תמלא תפקיד חשוב בשיקום גפיים משותקים. להלן הניסוי ולקחיו.

שמואל עברון, אוסקר סדן, טיבריו עזרי ומרק גלזרמן

תיסמונת הכשל החיסוני הנרכש (תכח"נ) (AIDS) פרצה לפני כעשרים שנה, אך למרות זאת היא ממשיכה להתקדם לקראת פנדמיה. מעל 50 מיליון בני-אדם נדבקו במחלה ו-20 מיליון נפטרו ממנה. שני שלישים מכלל 36 מיליון הנשים של נגיף הכשל החיסוני הנרכש (HIV) (נכח"נ) מצויים באפריקה.

במדינת ישראל דווח עד דצמבר 2000 על 2,843 נשאים ו-165 חולים. אולם מספר הנשאים הוא ככל הנראה גדול יותר.

בהנחה שמספר הנשאים ימשיך לעלות, יש לצפות למספר גובר והולך של נשאיות נכח"נ הרות המגיעות לחדרי הניתוח או לחדרי הלידה. על המילדים, המרדימים והמנתחים להיות מודעים למחלה ולהכירה היטב, על-מנת להיות מודעים לכל השלכותיה על שיטות ההרדמה וליחסי-הגומלין בין חומרי ההרדמה לתרופות הניתנות לחולות אלה.

כמו-כן, מידע לגישות הטיפוליות החדשות כלפי יולדות, המבוססות על המיטען הנגיפי ודרגת החיסון של נשאיות נכח"נ או החולות בתכח"נ החיוני להפחתת שיעור ההדבקה. על הצוות הרפואי המטפל מוטלת האחריות לבצע הליכים טיפוליים בצורה בטוחה, תוך נקיטת אמצעי הזהירות הנדרשים.

טלי סחר, שרה סלון

היח' לחקר רפואה טבעית, בית-החולים האוניברסיטאי הדסה עין-כרם, ירושלים

בעולם המערבי גדל והולך הטיפול בשיטות ריפוי משלימות. מגמה זו הביאה להכללת היכרות עם שיטות ריפוי משלימות בפקולטות לרפואה ברחבי העולם.

פנינו אל דיקני ארבע הפקולטות לרפואה בישראל, במטרה לבדוק באלו מהפקולטות לרפואה קיימת היום תכנית לימודים כלשהי, שבמסגרתה נחשפים הסטודנטים להיבטים תיאורטיים או מעשיים של שיטות ריפוי משלימות, והאם נשקלת האפשרות לכלול תוכנית כזו בעתיד. כמו-כן, ערכנו סקר בקרב 154 סטודנטים לרפואה מהפקולטה לרפואה של האוניברסיטה העברית בהדסה עין-כרם, על-מנת לבחון את מידת החשיפה של הסטודנטים לתחומים שונים ברפואה המשלימה ואת עמדותיהם ביחס להיכרות עם הנושא במהלך הלימודים.

מתוצאות סקר הסטודנטים עולה בבירור, כי מרבית הסטודנטים לרפואה הביעו התעניינות בשיטות טיפול משלימות. 93% הביעו עניין לכלול קורס בחירה ברפואה משלימה במסגרת לימודיהם בפקולטה לרפואה, ו-54% מסטודנטים שהשתתפו בסקר נחשפו לשיטות ריפוי משלימות בעקבות חיפוש אחר חומר קריאה בנושא, קבלת טיפולים או לימוד של שיטה אחת או יותר.

בכל הפקולטות לרפואה בישראל קיימת היום חשיפה במידה זו או אחרת לשיטות טיפול משלימות, אך רוב תוכניות הלימודים הקיימות בישראל, מלבד התוכנית באוניברסיטת בן-גוריון, אינן עונות על הדרישה הקיימת בקרב הסטודנטים. עם-זאת, בכל הפקולטות לרפואה בישראל נשקלת אפשרות להרחיב את החשיפה לנושא בעתיד.

Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage of Obscure Origin

Yoel Siegel, David Ergaz, Oscar Liphshitz, Felix Gottesfeld, Zev Sthoeger

Depts. of Medicine B and Surgery, and Gastroenterology Unit, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot (Associated with Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem)

Gastrointestinal bleeding of obscure origin consists of recurrent bouts of acute or chronic bleeding for which no definite source is discovered in routine endoscopic and barium contrast studies of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts. Usually its cause is angiodysplasia of the intestine, but many cases are due to tumors, mostly of the small bowel, which may be malignant.

In patients under the age of 50, the proportion with malignancy is relatively high (up to 14%) as compared to older patients. We describe a 45-year-old woman who suffered from gastrointestinal bleeding for 3 years. The cause of bleeding was not found despite extensive work-up.

In her last admission for acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage she was given a total of 30 units of blood. A tumor of the small intestine found by angiography was excised and found to be a stromal tumor of uncertain malignant potential. 1 year after operation she is asymptomatic without bleeding and her hemoglobin is stable without treatment.

Thrombolytic Therapy or Primary Coronary Angioplasty in Acute Myocardial Infarction?

David Pereg, Shlomo Behar, Alexander Battler, Valentina Boyko, Shmuel Gottlieb, Jonathan Leor: Israel Thrombolytic Survey Group

Cardiology Division, Soroka Medical Center and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba; Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Tel Hashomer and Tel Aviv University; and Cardiology Dept., Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva

There has been continuous debate over the superiority of primary percutaneous, transluminal, coronary angioplasty (PTCA) over thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). It was questioned whether this advantage of primary PTCA reported in selected populations by experienced centers can be replicated in our clinical practice.

We compared demographic and clinical variables, therapies and outcome in AMI treated with primary PTCA vs thrombolytic therapy. Clinical and demographic variables of 1,678 unselected AMI patients (admitted January/February and May/July 1996) were analyzed in 16 cardiac care units with on-site catheterization facilities and ability to perform PTCA. Of these 803 (48%) were treated by thrombolysis and 99 (6%) by primary PTCA.

The prevalence of adverse prognostic variables, such as anterior wall MI, heart failure on admission or during hospital stay, pulmonary edema, and ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, was higher in the PTCA group. The 7-day, 30-day and 1-year mortality rates were similar in the 2 groups: 4%, 7.2% and 12.8%, respectively, in the PTCA group and 5%, 7.2% and 11.1% in the thrombolysis group. There was a trend toward lower mortality in subgroups of high-risk patients: those with heart failure on admission (Killip class >1), the elderly (>65 years), and those with previous MI treated with PTCA. After adjusting for confounders, treatment with primary PTCA was not found to be associated with lower mortality.

Only a small proportion of AMI patients in Israel were treated with primary PTCA in 1996. The frequency of adverse prognostic factors among them was higher but their short and long term outcomes were similar to those of high risk patients treated with thrombolysis.

Prevalence of Medical Complaints in the Community-Dwelling Elderly

J. Gindin, M. Geitzn, M. Dushenat, H. Siboni, D. Goldstein, Z. Shapira, N. Konstantin, A. Wurm, A. Goldsmid, E. Hay-Am

Geriatric Institute of Education and Research, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot; Pharmacology Dept., Kupat Holim Klalit, Tel Aviv and Central District; and Kupat Holim Klalit, Rishon LeZion

We assessed the prevalence of self-reported medical complaints among the community-dwelling elderly receiving regular medication, and determined associations between health and sociodemographic variables, and the prevalence of complaints.

The study included 170 patients, 60-90 years of age, living at home. Participants were recruited from the 3 main primary care clinics in Rishon LeZion. All were receiving chronic medication and were followed-up utilizing a long-term medication card. Data were gathered in interviews held in patients' homes using a structured questionnaire which included sociodemographics, diseases and medication, mental state assessment by Katzman's score, and a list of 15 medical complaints common among the aged. Relations to age, gender, education, living arrangements, number of diseases and number of medications per patient were determined.

Mean age of participants was 73.2±6.0 years and they suffered an average of 4.07±2.16 diseases and took 5.10±2.83 types of drugs. The most prevalent complaints were: weakness and fatigue (65.0%), agitation and restlessness (56.4%), dry mouth (45.6%), constipation (43.6%) and dizziness (43.2%). The number of diseases, gender, education and age had the strongest associations with the prevalence of specific complaints, as well as their total number. The association between number of medications and mean number of complaints was of borderline significance.

Characteristics, Management and Prognosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction (Israel 1990-1996)

Israeli Survey Group On Acute Myocardial Infarction

From 1990 to 1996 we conducted consecutive 2-month surveys in all CCUs (n=26) in Israel. The aim was to compare the characteristics, management, and prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) between the 4 surveys.

Patient characteristics were similar in all surveys. About 75% of patients were males and had a first MI. Mechanical and arrhythmic complications decreased slightly between 1990 and 1996. In contrast, frequency of treatment with thrombolysis, aspirin, beta-blockers and ACE-I, as well as coronary interventional procedures, increased tremendously.

In parallel, 30-day and 1-year mortality decreased significantly, from 16.5% and 22.5%, respectively, to 9.0% and 13.9%. After multiple adjustment for factors associated with mortality, the 30-day relative risk of death for patients hospitalized in 1992, 1994 and 1996 was 0.79 (95% CI 0.59-1.08), 0.75 (95% CI 0.56-1.01) and 0.54 (95% CI 0.39-9.74), respectively, as compared with 1990.

Although there is no direct proof that changes in management of AMI are related to the reduction in mortality seen during the course of the surveys, the association seems likely.

Willingness to Donate Organs: Attitude Survey among Israeli Jews

Peri Kedem-Friedrich, Rina Rachmani

Psychology Dept., Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan and Information and Education Unit, Israel Transplant Center

A public opinion survey of Israeli Jewish adults (September) showed a large potential willingness to donate organs after death, while only a third of the sample was opposed. Nevertheless, only a very minor proportion held donor's cards, and over half expressed opposition to holding a donor card. As to next-of-kin's organs, when the wishes of the relative were not known, a quarter of the sample opposed, a quarter agreed, and the remaining half hesitated to make a decision.

Willingness to donate was not correlated with gender, age or income, but was related to religiosity: the more religious, the less willing to donate. And the religious reason was the salient one given for hesitation about donating, although there were many who could give no reason for their hesitation. Family members, doctors and rabbis (in ascending order) influenced willingness to consent to next-of-kin donations.

Changes in Structure and Process Components of Trauma Care in Emergedepartments

Rephael Joseph Heruti, Ron Ben-Abraham, Yanir Abramovitch, Michael Stein, Joshua Shemer, Baruch Marganit

Trauma Control, Israeli Center for Disease Control (ICDC), Israel Ministry of Health and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

In recent years there have been tremendous efforts to improve primary trauma care. The Ministry of Health and other authorities have invested in new trauma facilities in various hospitals. A nationwide survey with regard to structure and function of emergency departments was carried out. Compared to a similar survey conducted in 1992, significant progress in quality and quantity of equipment at various emergency departments was demonstrated. However, there are still differences between various hospitals. A drive to standardize trauma care will undoubtedly contribute to improvement in care of the injured.

Prevalence of Pigmentary Dispersion Syndrome in Israel

D. Gaton, A. Barak, S. Segev, Y. Yassur, G. Treister

Ophthalmology Dept., Beilinson Medical Center, Petah Tikva and Ophthalmology Dept. and Institute for Medical Screening and Assessment, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer

Pigmentary dispersion syndrome is a precursor of pigmentary glaucoma whose prevalence in the urban population of USA was found to be 2.45%. We evaluated its prevalence during ocular screening examinations among normal Israelis. We screened for excessive pigmentation on the corneal endothelium with the slit-lamp and determined in each patient best corrected visual acuity, intra-ocular pressure (after mydriasis), condition of the anterior segment, cup-disk ratio, posterior segment abnormalities and questioned about history of any ocular disease and family history of glaucoma. 374 patients (mean age 49±11) were examined on 10 consecutive days. In 5.9% excessive corneal endothelial pigmentation was found. Intra-ocular pressure (after mydriasis) averaged 15.52±1.93 mm Hg as compared to 14.73±2.04 among the rest of our study population, (p=0.01). The prevalence of suspected pigmentary dispersion syndrome among young adults in Israelis is high.

Screening for Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder with Trophoblastic Differentiation

M. Moldavsy, A. Sazbon, N. Kuchersky, H. Turani

Division of Cytology and Depts. of Urology and of Pathology, Rebecca Sieff Government Hospital, Safed

Urinary bladder carcinoma with trophoblastic differentiation (TD) is a variant of urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma (TCC) which secretes placental proteins, predominantly beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). An aggressive clinical course and a poor prognosis are characteristic of this tumor. We evaluated the frequency and clinical and pathological appearance of TCC-TD in the Upper Galilee and Golan Heights between 1988 and 1995 inclusive. Beta HCG, human placental lactogen (HPL), pregnancy specific beta-1 glycoprotein (SP-1) and placental alkaline phosphatase were determined immunohistochemically in paraffin-embedded TCC of urinary bladder. Tumor grade, stage and patient survival were also determined. There was beta-HCG immunostaining in 13 of 62 cases (20.9%). TD was correlated with higher grades of TCC and with advanced stages of disease. No cases of TCC-TD were found in grade 1, stage 0. Co-expression of beta-HCG and HPL was displayed in 2 cases, beta-HCG and SP-1 in 9, and beta-HCG, HPL and SP-1 in 2. Disease-free survival and overall survival were shorter in TCC-TD.

ATLS Course for Surgery Residents - Should it be Mandatory?

Ron Ben-Abraham, Michael Stein, Yoram Kluger, Gideon Paret, Avraham Rivkind, Joshua Shemer

Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces; Sourasky Medical Center and Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; and Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem

Senior surgeons were asked about mandatory participation of general surgery residents in the advanced trauma life support (ATLS) course. Although trauma care in Israel is given by surgical residents, in the opinion of their senior mentors the course should continue to be mandatory for them.

Compulsory, Ambulatory Psychiatric Treatment

R. Durst, A. Teitelbaum, Y. Bar-El, M. Shlafman, Y. Ginath

Arie Jaros Jerusalem Mental Health Center and Talbieh Mental Health Center (Affiliated with the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem) and Israel Ministry of Health, Jerusalem District

The Treatment of Mentally Sick Persons Law of 1955, was repealed and replaced by the Law of 1991. Under the latter, the Order for Compulsory Ambulatory Treatment (OCAT) was addressed for the first time (Section 11, a-d). According to this law, the district psychiatrist instead of issuing a hospitalization order, may issue an OCAT, under which the required treatment is given within the scope of a clinic which he designates, for up to 6 months and under conditions which he specifies. This is done on the basis of psychiatric examination, or an application in writing from the director of a hospital or clinic, when continued ambulatory treatment is needed after discharge from hospital or instead of compulsory hospitalization. The district psychiatrist may extend the period of treatment for further periods, none of which is to exceed 6 months. Compulsory ambulatory treatment is to enable patients to benefit from the positive aspects of living freely in the community, while receiving prompt treatment under compulsory conditions. The concept offers a partial solution, achieving a balance between civil liberties and clinical needs, between over-confinement and under-treatment which might be dangerous or neglectful. The clinical impression has been that the OCAT has not fulfilled expectations. The purpose of this study was to examine the topic in a systematic way in Jerusalem and the soutern districts for the 4 years since inception of the law. In 44.4% of cases OCAT was proven to be effective, while in 33.1% it was found to be ineffective and did not prevent compulsory hospitalization, one of its main goals. It was partially effective in the rest of the cases. It is recommended that suitable means for the enforcement of the law be allocated and that the subject of forceful hospitalization and OCAT be made a mandatory subject in the residency program of psychiatrists.

Penetrating Ocular Injuries: a Retrospective Study

M. Schneck, S. Weitzman, T. Lifshitz, B. Biedner

Dept. of Ophthalmology, and Epidemiology and Health Services Evaluation Unit, Soroka Medical Center and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba

Penetrating injuries of the eye are an important cause of unilateral visual loss. We studied a series of 82 cases of penetrating injuries treated here from 1987 through 1993. The injuries were caused by sharp objects in 66% and blunt trauma in 6%. The prognosis after a penetrating injury is greatly influenced by the nature of the injury and the extent of the initial drainage. Among factors associated with an unfavorable visual outcome were diminished preoperative visual acuity and scleral wounds with dense vitreous hemorrhage.