תוצאת חיפוש

רן בליצר^1,2, מייקל הוארטה¹, איתמר גרוטו^1,3, אלכס לבנטל⁴

¹ענף בריאות הצבא, חיל הרפואה, צה"ל, ²אוניברסיטת תל-אביב, הפקולטה לרפואה סאקלר, המחלקה לרפואת המשפחה, ³אוניברסיטת תל-אביב, הפקולטה לרפואה סאקלר, המחלקה לאפידמיולוגיה ורפואה מונעת, ⁴שרותי בריאות הציבור, משרד הבריאות.

מחלת ה- (SARS) (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) (תסמונת נשימה חדה וקשה – תנח"ק) הייתה למגיפה החדשה הראשונה של המאה ה-20 שעוררה עניין וחשש רב בקרב ראשי מדינות, כלכלנים ובכלל הציבור, וכן בקרב אנשי רפואה ברחבי העולם. למחלה החדשה מספר מאפיינים מעוררי חשש: יכולת הדבקה משמעותית מאדם לאדם, מחולל יציב יחסית לתנאי הסביבה, הסתמנות קלינית לא סגולית, המקשה על זיהוי החולים ושיעור תמותה גבוה בקרב קבוצות סיכון.

בישראל, כמו במדינות אחרות, נדרשו מומחי בריאות הציבור לתת מענה לסכנה המאיימת לבוא. הקווים המנחים לניטור וחקירה שנקבעו לשם התמודדות עם מחלת התנח"ק, והעקרונות האפידמיולוגיים העומדים בבסיסם מהווים דגם להתמודדות עם התפרצות של כל מחלה מדבקת חדשה או מתחדשת. תהליך קביעת קווים מנחים במצב של חוסר בידע בסיסי מחד-גיסא, וריבוי הנחיות סותרות של גורמי הרפואה המובילים בעולם מאידך-גיסא, הוא ללא ספק ייחודי וראוי לבחינה מעמיקה לקראת ההתמודדויות הצפויות לנו בעתיד בתחום זה.

High-Dose Chemotherapy and Autologous Stem Cell Trans-Plantation for Refractory and Relapsing Hodgkin's Disease

A. Avigdor, I. Hardan, O. Shpilberg, P. Raanani, I. Grotto, I. Ben-Bassat

Hematology Institute and Hemato-oncology Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

High dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation are widely used in relapsed and primary refractory Hodgkin's disease. We transplanted 42 patients with Hodgkin's disease between 1990-1998. Median follow-up was 31 months (range 1-102). 29 (69%) were transplanted after relapse and 13 (31%) were refractory to first line therapy. Median age at transplantation was 29 years (range 19-58) and 23 (55%) were males.

All were treated with the BEAM protocol (carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine and melphelan). 18 who were in remission received radiotherapy following transplantation. The source of the stem cells was bone marrow in 17% and peripheral blood in 83%. At initial diagnosis: 57% had stage III-IV disease and B symptoms were present in 52%. 75% were treated with MOPP, ABVD or with related versions. Radiotherapy followed in 52%. Prior to transplantation, 45% of the relapsed group were in the advanced stage. 33% and 12% of all patients had lung and bone involvement, respectively.

The complete remission rate was 86% for the 2 groups. 2 (5%) died from transplant-related complications and MDS/AML developed in 2 (5%) after transplantation. The 3-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were 68% and 60%, respectively. The 3-year OS for the relapsed group was 64% compared with 76% for the refractory group, and the 3-year DFS for the relapsed group was 60% vs. 42% for the refractory group (neither difference significant). Radiotherapy following transplantation did not have a beneficial effect on DFS. No prognostic factors for outcome of transplantation were found, most probably due to the limited number of patients and the high variability of disease characteristics.

We conclude that high dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation are effective and relatively safe for relapsed or primary refractory Hodgkin's disease. The DFS at 3 years was longer for those transplanted after relapse than those with primary refractory disease, but not significantly. Patients with primary refractory disease can be salvaged with high dose chemotherapy.

Trends in Epidemiology of Hepatitis in the Israel Defense Forces 

Michael Gdalevich, David Gillis, Daniel Mimouni, Itamar Grotto, Ofer Shpilberg

Institute of Military Medicine, Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces

During the 50's and 60's there were large scale epidemics of hepatitis A every 3-4 years in the Israel Defense Forces. During these epidemics the annual incidence exceeded 10/1000 soldiers at risk. There has been a highly significant decrease in rates during the past 30 years. The average annual incidence of clinically identified viral hepatitis A decreased from an average of 6/1000 during the 60's to 2.5/1000 during the 70's. The decrease coincided with the introduction in the 1970's of wide-scale post-exposure prophylaxis with immune serum globulin (ISG). The incidence was further significantly reduced to 0.5-1.0/1000 with the introduction of pre-exposure prophylaxis with ISG, starting in 1978 (p<0.001).

Other factors probably played a role in accelerating the decline in morbidity, such as improvement in personal hygiene and sanitation facilities, and in waste disposal and other aspects of military environmental health.

These improvements were probably more pronounced in the civilian sector, leading to decreased exposure of children to the virus and consequently a higher proportion of seronegatives at induction. Increase in the proportion of recruits without natural immunity to the virus poses greater risk, both in terms of personal morbidity as well as military operational ability. This risk, combined with problems of ISG use and availability, has propelled hepatitis A prevention policy towards the use of the new inactivated vaccines.

Epidemiological Characteristics of Outbreaks of Diarrhea and Food Poisoning in the Israel Defense Forces

I. Grotto, Y. Mandel, I. Ashkenazi, J. Shemer

Army Health Branch, IDF Medical Corps and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

Acute infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and food poisoning are problems of great importance in the Israel Defense Force (IDF). They involve individual and epidemic morbidity, with impairment of health of individual soldiers and in the activities of units. Outbreaks of gastrointestinal infectious diseases must be reported to the IDF army health branch, which conducts epidemiological investigation. This study is based on data from yearly epidemiological reports for 1978-1989, and from a computerized database for the years 1990-1995. The incidence of outbreaks is characterized by an unstable trend, It was highest at the end of the 80's (68.3 per 100,000 soldiers on active duty) and lowest for the last 2 years (1994-1995, 36.3 per 100,000). The incidence of soldiers involved in food-borne outbreaks has been more stable, constantly declining during the course of the years. There was marked seasonality with a peak in the summer months. Sporadic morbidity was constant in 1990-1995, with a yearly attack rate of 60% in soldiers on active duty. Shigella strains were the leading cause of outbreaks until 1993, while in 1994-1995 their proportion decreased, with an increase in the proportion of Salmonella strains. As to Staphylococcus aureus, its role in causing food poisoning has been characterized by marked changes. Shigella sonnei replaced Shigella flexneri as the leading strain. 73.3% of outbreaks were small, with fewer than 40 soldiers involved, while 5.4% of outbreaks affected more than 100 soldiers. Outbreaks in which a bacterial agent was identified or which occurred in new-recruit bases were larger than those in which a bacterial agent was not identified, or which occurred in active field unit bases. In conclusion, the rates of infectious disease of the gastrointestinal tract are still high, although there has been a marked decrease since 1994. The incidence of outbreaks has also decreased, as well as the role of Shigella as a leading causative agent.