תוצאת חיפוש

אבי פורת

המח' לרפואה פנימית, מרכז רפואי סורוקה

בימים אלה העלה מישהו את הרעיון לסגור מיטות במחלקות לרפואה פנימית בבתי-חולים ולהעביר את החולים למיטות בקהילה המיודעות לגריאטריה, יש לציין כי זהו רעיון עם הגיון כלכלי, שכן רוב החולים במחלקות לרפואה פנימית הם אכן קשישים, ואם קיימת חלופה לאישפוז במיטות שעלותן נמוכה יותר במסגרת הקהילתית, מדוע לא לנצלה? זהו המשך לקו שבו נטען, כי כל טיפול שניתן להעביר למסגרת הקהילה עדיף על-פני אישפוז. להלן מספר נקודות למחשבה למתלבט:

מדוע מספר הפונים לאישפוז במחלקות לרפואה פנימית עולה והולך? האם אך ורק בשל הזדקנות האוכלוסייה? לו הייתה זו התשובה, אזי הרחבת פתרונות קהילתיים חלופיים לאישפוז נראית סבירה. אולם מסתבר שהגורמים רבים ומורכבים יותר, וניתן לסווגם לארבע קבוצות: חברתיים כלליים; כאלה הנובעים ממיבנה מערכת הבריאות; גורמי קהילה; וגורמים הקשורים לבתי-החולים עצמם.
 

גל שובל (1), צבי זמישלני (1,2)

(1) מחלקה ג', המרכז לבריאות הנפש "גהה", פתח-תקווה, (2) הפקולטה לרפואה סאקלר, אוניברסיטת תל-אביב

הפסקת טיפול תרופתי היא תופעה מוכרת בקרב חולים לוקים במחלות ממושכות. בקרב חולי נפש ההיענות לטיפול היא חשובה במיוחד, שכן אלו מחלות עם החמרות נישנות, הגורמות סבל לחולה ולמשפחתו, ומלוות באישפוזים נשנים ובעלות רבה למערכת הבריאות. לדוגמה, 700% מהלוקים בסכיזופרניה המפסיקים את הטיפול התרופתי, לוקים בתוך שנה באירוע פסיכוטי נישנה: בעבודה זו נסקרות הסיבות לאישפוז והאבחנות שנקבעו ל-100 חולים עוקבים, שהתקבלו לאישפזז במחלקה סגורה במרכז לבריאות הנפש גהה מה-1.4.2000 ועד ה-23.6.2000.

מתוך 100 חולים שאושפזו ל-54% היתה אנמנזה של הפסקת הטיפול התרופתי על-ידי המטופל בשנה האחרונה. הפסקת הטיפול לא היתה קשורה לאבחנה שנקבעה, למין החולה, לתרופה או לצורת מתן התרופה.

בעיית חוסר ההיענות לטיפול צריכה להיעשות בשתי רמות: ברמת המטפל-מטופל וברמה המערכתית של אירגון שירותי בריאות הנפש. ברמת מטפל-מטופל יש צורך בהתאמת הטיפול באופן יחודי לכל חולה, כך שההשפעה תהיה מרבית והשפעות הלוואי מיקטיות, תוך יצירת קשר טיפולי ואמון עם החולה ובני-משפחתו. ברמה המערכתית חייבת בריאות הנפש להיכלל בחוק הבריאות הממלכתי ולעבור לאחריות הקופות המבטחות, בדומה למקצועות הרפואה האחרים.
בצורה זו יוכלו חולי נפש להיות בטיפולו של רופא המשפחה, תוך שמירת הרצף המערכתי עם בית-חולים. בנוסף, יש להעתיק את מרכז הכובד של הטיפול מבתי-החולים אל הקהילה. הזמינות והנגישות של השירות בקהילה, והצמדתו למירפאות רפואיות, יסייעו להגברת ההיענות ולהורדת אות הקלון (STIGMA) בחולים הלוקים במחלות נפש.

דב שטינמץ, חנה אדלשטיין, אלדר ברקוביץ וראול רז

המטרה בעבודתנו היתה להעריך את הבטיחות והעלות-תועלת של טיפול אנטיביוטי לתוך הווריד לחולי אוסטאומיאליטיס במסגרת הבית. העבודה בוצעה במחוז חיפה וגליל מערבי של שירותי בריאות כללית.

נבדקו כל התיקים הרפואיים של חולים שאובחנו כלוקים באוסטאומיאליטיס וטופלו בין השנים 1999-2000 באנטיביוטיקה לתוך הווריד במסגרת הבית. נבדקו גורמי המחלה, סוגי האנטיביוטיקה שניתנו, הסיבוכים, ובוצעה הערכה של עלויות הטיפול.

בתקופה זו טופלו 52 חולים בביתם ב-55 מערכי אנטיביוטיקה לתוך הווריד. סך כל ימי הטיפול הגיע ל-1,187 יום. שמונים-וחמישה אחוזים מהחולים הופנו מהמחלקות השונות בבתי-החולים. ב-54.6% מהחולים הגורם המזהם לא היה ידוע. מבין הגורמים הידועים והשכיחים ביותר שגרמו לזיהום היו סטאפילוקוקוס ופסידומונס ארוגינאזה. פניצילינים וצפלוספורינים היו סוגי האנטיביוטיקה שניתנו בשכיחות הגבוהה ביותר. שיעור הסיבוכים במהלך טיפולים אלה היה נמוך ביותר ולא היו כלל סיבוכים קשים.

חושב חיסכון של 1,299,765 ש"ח בעלות הטיפול, בזכות הפרש העלויות בין יום אישפוז בבית-חולים ליום טיפול במסגרת אישפוז-בית.

לסיכום, מתן אנטיביוטיקה לתוך הווריד לחולי אוסטאומיאליטיס במסגרת אישפוז-בית נמצא בטוח, יעיל ונוח הן לחולה והן לבני משפחתו. יתר על כן, שיטה זו מפחיתה באופן ניכר את עלויות האישפוז.

מרינה מוטין, עפר קרן, חיים רינג

בית-חולים לוינשטיין, מרכז שיקום, רעננה, הפקולטה לרפואה סאקלר, אוניברסיטת תל-אביב

ייעוד הטיפול שיקומי הוא לשפר את איכות חייו של אדם שנפגע, על-מנת שיוכל לחזור לקהילה ולתפקד בה באופן עצמאי במידה המרבית האפשרית. לשם השגת מטרה זו, משלבת הרפואה השיקומית טיפול כוללני של צוות רב-תחומי. עבודות ספורות הוקדשו לבחינה של מידת התועלת של המערך הטיפולי במטופלים בכלל ובנפגעי אירוע מוחי בפרט.

בעבודה הנוכחית נמדדה מידת השיפור שחל בתיפקוד של חולים במהלך אישפוז שיקומי. היכולת לתפקד נמדדה באמצעות מבחן FIM. בנוסף, נמדד מהי כמות הטיפול שניתנה לכל מטופל. כמות טיפול או מנת טיפול הוגדרה כ- 15 דקות של מגע ישיר בין המטפל למטופל. הבחינה של מנת הטיפול שניתנה נבדקה באופן סמוי הן מהמטפל והן מהמטופל. הטיפולים שלגביהם בוצעה המדידה היו בתחומים הבאים: ריפוי בעיסוק, פיזיותרפיה, תיקשורת, תירגול פעילות יומיומית. כל הטיפולים ניתנו על-ידי צוות סיעודי. נמדדה רמת התיפקוד בסמוך להתקבלות לאישפוז השיקומי ולפני השיחרור. נבדקו בנפרד הפעילות המוטורית ופעילות התיפקודים הקוגניטיביים. כמו-כן, נבחן באופן סטטיסטי אם היה קשר בין מנת הטיפול (בכל תחום בנפרד) לבין השיפור שחל בתיפקוד.

באוכלוסיית הנבדקים נכללו 30 חולים שאושפזו לשיקום לאחר אירוע מוחי ראשון. הגיל הממוצע היה 64 שנים ו- 60% מהנבדקים היו גברים. מהלך האישפוז הממוצע היה 74 יום. נבדקה רמת התיפקוד עם ההתקבלות לאישפוז השיקומי ובסמוך לשיחרור, כאשר נבדקו בנפרד היכולת המוטורית והתיפקודים הקוגניטיביים.

הקשר בין כמות הטיפול בפיזיותרפיה לשיפור המוטורי לא היה בעל משמעות סטטיסטית; אפשר להסביר זאת בעובדה שנכללו בעיבוד גם חולים במצב קשה, שטופלו במשך תקופה ארוכה ללא שיפור משמעותי. לעומת זאת, נמצא קשר ישיר בין כמות הטיפולים בריפוי בעיסוק לבין השיפור בתיפקוד.

אחת המסקנות מנתוני העבודה היא, שאם קיים עניין לחזק את הקשר בין כמות הטיפול לבין שיפור בתיפקוד, יש לאפשר למטפלים להתאים את כמות הטיפול בהתאם לצורכי המטופלים. במתן השירות הנוכחי מוגבלת היכולת לווסת את כמות הטיפול בידי צוות השיקום. מאידך, לקביעה מהם הצרכים הטיפוליים השלכות אתיות, מוסריות וכלכליות רבות משמעות. מומלץ שהחלטות כבדות שמקל אלו לא יוטלו על המטפל, אל ייקבעו על-ידי מעצבי מדיניות הבריאות.

Hospital-At-Home as a Solution for the Treatment Requirements of Acute Exacerbation in Multiple Sclerosis

D. Steinmetz (1), H. Edelstein (1), S. Dishon (2), E. Berkovitz (1), A. Almany (1), A. Miller (2)

(1) Hospital-at-Home Department, Continuing Care Unit, Clalit Health Services, Haifa and Western Galilee District. (2) Multiple Sclerosis Center, the Neuroimmunology Unit, Carmel Medical Center. Faculty of Medicine and the Rappoport Institute for Medical Research, Haifa, Israel

Cooperation between the Multiple Sclerosis center at the Carmel medical center and the Hospital-at-Home (H.H) department of the continuing care unit in the Haifa and Western Galilee district of the Clalit Health Services has made it possible to give metylprednisolone intravenously to Multiple Sclerosis (M.S) patients during an acute exacerbation of the disease, in their home.

In this study, we describe the joint work of the two centers. We have summarized 30 treatment courses given to 26 patients in their homes, following referral by the M.S. center, in the year 1999.

The aims of the study included assessing satisfaction, safety and cose-effectiveness in a treatment course in the HH framework, as compared to the same treatment being conducted in the framework of hospitalization in various neurological departments, as was done in the past in the same group of patients.

The expenses involved in HH for this group of patients were only 14% of the parallel treatment in the hospital (a savings of 86%).

The treatment has proven to be extremely safe. There were no side-effects that required returning patients to the hospital, and the treatment was given in conditions of maximum comfort for the patient and his family.

A telephone survey was conducted, which compared the satisfaction with the HH treatment, and the burden caused the patient's family to prior hospitalization for the same treatment. For all of the parameters examined, greater satisfaction was distinctly proven in the HH treatment. In light of these findings, we can conclude that giving metylprednisolone intravenously to M.S patients during an acute exacerbation, in the HH framework, is a safe and cost effective treatment, preferred by the patient and his family.

The Effect on Family Members of Treating Home-Hospitalized Patients

Netta Bentur, Avivit Moualem

JCD-Brookdale Institute, Jerusalem

Background: In recent years, chronic patients being treated at home are being joined by increasing numbers of acute and sub-acute patients. Although there has been a considerable expansion of formal services for home hospitalization, nevertheless a significant part of the burden of caring for these patients falls on their families. Many studies have examined the effect on the family of treating chronic patients at home, but very little is known about the effects on the family caregiver of treating an acute or sub-acute patient at home.

Goals of the study: a. To determine the main areas of care involving family members within the framework of home hospitalization. b. To assess the caregivers' sense of burden. c.To identify the causes of the feelings of burden. d. To examine the caregivers' specific difficulties. e. To identify the areas in which they are particularly interested in additional guidance.

Methodology: The study population included 179 primary caregivers of patients registered in four home hospitalization units. The data were collected during face-to-face interviews with the primary caregivers, in the patients' homes.

Findings: Half (49%) of the caregivers were the patients' spouses, and the rest were other family members, 67% were women. The average age was 56, and about a third were over 65. On average, they were involved in six areas of care. Fifty three percent reported that the burden they had to contend with was too heavy, 28% said it was not so heavy, and 19% said it was not heavy at all. A multi-variate analysis revealed that the feeling that the burden was too heavy had a statistically significant correlation with caring for another family member at home, being involved in 3+ areas of treatments, being married, 9+ years of education, the patients suffering from frequent pain or unable to reach the bathroom independently. Most (75%) of the caregivers reported three or more areas of burden which include the time devoted to care giving, and the effect of the treatment on the patient's health, mental and physical condition. Although 77% of them had received instruction on how to treat the patients, 29% cited at least one area in which they would have liked to receive more instruction, noting in particular the need to learn how to deal with changes in the patient's mental status.

Conclusions: Family members caring for home-hospitalized patients require more instruction and advice from the formal agencies during the daily care of the patient, particularly in specific subjects. There is a need to develop additional instruments for advice and instruction, in a broad range of areas, in order to assist the caregivers in their complex role. There is a need to continue to examine specific areas in which the family members require additional counselling and instruction, in order to better plan these services, and help improve the quality of care for home-hospitalized patients.
 

Hospitalization for Renal Colic: Epidemiological Features and Clinical Manifestations

Yahav Oron, Amir Shahar, Eran Dolev

Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; Israel Defense Forces Medical Center; Meir General Hospital, Sapir Medical Center, Kfar Saba; and Dept. of Medicine H, Sourasky-Tel Aviv Medical Center

The medical records of all patients referred to the emergency department (ED) of Sheba Medical Center for renal colic during 1996 were analyzed. Patients discharged from the ED and those hospitalized were compared.

There was no significant difference between the 2 groups with regard to average age or sex distribution. Statistically significant differences were found with regard to frequency of chills and fever, history of renal colic, referral for renal colic during that year or hospitalization for renal colic or nephrolithiasis, previous positive imaging, stone removal by surgery or extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, fever exceeding 37.5^o and administration of fluids, pethidine or pramin in the ED, prolonged stay in the ED and previous appendectomy.

A conditional regression model tested the predictive value of each of those factors. Inclusion of independent variables into the model led to an overall correct classification rate of 84.43%, with 44.83% sensitivity and 93.16% specificity. There were correlations between referrals for renal colic, overall renal colic rate and average monthly temperature, so there was no pure correlation between average monthly temperature and referrals to the ED for renal colic.

The major indications for hospitalization were actually the clinical ones, indicating either an active metabolic disease or suspected obstruction of the urinary tract. Treatment in the ED and duration of the visit indicated disease severity.

Recurrent Anaphylactic Reactions During Hospitalization – an Unusual Etiology 

Y. Graif, A. Goren, A. Reshef

Military Allergy Clinic, Israel Defense Forces and Allergy and Immunology Clinic, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer

The prevalence of hypersensitivity and untoward reactions to natural rubber latex (NRL) products is increasing, particularly among specific risk groups. A young man aged 23 years who experienced several episodes of allergic reactions, 2 of which included anaphylactic shock during hospital admission, is presented. These episodes were initially attributed to intravenous medication, but were most probably caused by inadvertent exposure to latex.

Medical facilities may contain large amounts of latex, and therefore present a hazardous environment for sensitive people. Increasing awareness of latex sensitivity among patients-at-risk and medical personnel, and implementing simple prophylactic measures, may reduce morbidity and mortality. We propose simple and practical guidelines for diagnosis and treatment.

Patient Satisfaction and Hospital Services Evaluation by Regular and Private Patients

Sara Carmel, Jonathan Halevy

Dept. of the Sociology of Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of

the Negev, Beer Sheba; Sha'are Zedek Medical Center and Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem

"Sharap" is a private medical service integrated within our public clinic and hospital services. Clients may choose their physician by paying a fee in addition to what their health insurance agency (Kupat Holim) pays for. All other hospital services are supplied to all patients alike. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent to which this declared policy is maintained in practice.

During 5 months in 1997, 198 Sharap patients and 198 regular patients were interviewed in the the general surgery, cardiac surgery, ENT, cardiology, newborn and gynecology wards of this hospital. Both groups were similar in regard to cause of hospitalization, gender, age group (10-year age ranges), and length of hospitalization (at least 24 hours).

Similar levels of satisfaction with hospitalization in general and with the nursing service and with supportive services were found in both groups. However, Sharap patients were more satisfied with their physicians than regular patients (87% vs 74%, respectively). Similar results were also found using indirect measures of satisfaction. About 86% in both groups reported having achieved the goal of improvement in health. A high proportion of respondents from both groups (82% and 88%, respectively) could not distinguish between Sharap and regular patients in the ward. However, a greater proportion of regular patients (35% vs 21%) wanted more extensive explanations from their physicians regarding their treatment.

Sharap patients belonged to higher socio-economic classes than regular patients. Our evaluation indicates that although the Sharap service enables the affluent to choose their preferred physician, resulting in a different doctor-patient relationship, the service does not create a significant feeling of discrimination among hospitalized patients, and does not interfere with the high level of health services available to the public at large.

Symptom Severity among Chronic Schizophrenics in Hospital and in the Community

Haim Y. Knobler, Dorit Ben Ami, Orna Intrator, Shlomit Katz, Daniela Moshe, Yaacov Lerner

Jerusalem Mental Health Center, Falk Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Studies, and Dept. of Statistics, Hebrew Universitry of Jeruselam

We compared severity of symptoms of chronic schizophrenics in a psychiatric hospital with those treated in its outpatient clinics.

The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Mini-Mental State examination were used to assess the schizophrenic symptoms and cognitperformance, respectively, of 25 chronic schizophrenic inpatients matched for gender, age and education with 25 chronic scoutpatients. The Global Assessment Scale and the Clinical Global Impression Scale were used to test global functioning. Assessment included psychiatric and medical history and treatment and demographic characteristics.

In-patients had significantly more positive, negative and general psychiatric symptoms. Their cognitive and general functioning were impaired. Most in-patients also had medical problems. Age of onset of schizophrenia among the in-patients was younger.

Results show a marked difference in severity of symptoms and level of functioning between chronic schizophrenic in-patients and out-patients. These differences should be considered in the planning of discharge of chronic in-patients from psychiatric hospitals into the community.

Rehospitalization of Children

U. Brook, Y. Buyanover

Pediatrics Dept., Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, and Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University

The aims of the study were to determine the rate of rehospitalization in 1997 a month after the end of initial hospitalization. 72 of 1174 children (6.1%) were rehospitalized. The mean age was 4.6±3.6 years (range 1 month-16 years). The average duration of the initial hospitalization of the 72 children was 8.3±6.0 (range 1-50) days, but only 3.6 days for all hospitalized children. The duration of the rehospitalization was 4.1±2.1 days (range 1-10 days). the interval between the 2 hospitalizations was 11.1±9.6 days (range 1-30 days). Among the diseases of the rehospitalized children in decreasing order were: respiratory diseases (including ORL) (40.9%), gastrointestinal diseases (27.7%), nervous system diseases, and bacteremia and septicemia (5.6%). Second hospitalizations in connection with these conditions were: gastrointestinal disease (34.7%); respiratory disease (29%); and bacteremia and septicemia (11.1%). Our recommendations are for attending physicians to follow-up regularly and periodically children who suffer from chronic diseases and are prone to develop exacerbations. This should be done in cooperation with hospital specialists so that the cooperation may reduce the rehospitalization of these children.

Clinical, Social and Economic Aspects of Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment

Jacob Feldman, Liora Peleg, Abraham Yaretzky

Geriatric Dept., Sapir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

It is well known that maelderly patients are referred to nursing homes because of "functional decline" without being thoroughly in. We studied 9 elderly patients, all referred to hospital due to functional decline and diagnosed as follows: spinal stenosis - 2 cases, depression - 3, thyrotoxicosis -1, Parkinson -1, polypharmacy and congestive heart failure -1 patient each. Proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment prevent unnecessary hospitalization in nursing homes. Our study is meant to draw attention to this crucial aspect of geriatric medicine.

The Current Compulsory Hospitalization Order and Patients' Rights

Y. Bar-el, R. Durst, J Mazar, J. Rabinowitz, Y. Lerner, H.Y. Knobler

Office of Jerusalem District Psychiatrist; Jerusalem Mental Health Center, Kfar Shaul Hospital; Mental Health Services, Israel Ministry of Health; School of Social Work, Bar-Ilan University; and Falk Institute for Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences, Kfar Shaul (Affiliated with the Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School)

Israel's "Treatment of Mentally Sick Persons Law" of 1955 was repealed and replaced by the "Treatment of Mental Patients Law" of 1991. Under the latter, the "Compulsory Hospitalization Order" (CHO) defines the new order based on accumulated experience with the old legislation, and on the philosophy that considers the CHO one of the most severely oppressive forms of deprivation of human liberty and rights. The new order sets limits and boundaries for CHO, guarding the rights of those unavoidably committed by force. According to the new law, the district psychiatrist decides upon and issues the order, while the tribunal (District Psychiatric Committee) considers appeals. The order is limited to 1 week, with an option for the district psychiatrist to prolong it on written request for up to 14 days. The tribunal can later prolong the order further.

The objective of this study was to review changes that have occurred following enforcement of the new law in the Jerusalem district. A comparison was made between CHO's issued the year before the new legislation took effect and the year after. The comparison included review of all CHO's and medical files of all patients hospitalized by coercion during 1990 and 1992. It was assumed that there would be a decline in rate and length of hospitalization of patients forced to be committed by the new law.

The main findings refuted this hypothesis. In 1992 there was an increase of 38% in the number of compulsory hospitalizations. This increase derived mainly from increased demands for CHO's from psychiatric emergency rooms. There was also an increase in patients hospitalized by order of the District Psychiatric Committee using its authority under section 10(C) of the law.

Conversely, length of compulsory hospitalization was shorter under the new law.

In light of these findings, it would seem that the new law has only partially fulfilled expectations of reform in individual rights. There is need for further evaluation and follow-up of the CHO in order to determine whether the "Treatment of Mental Patients Law" of 1991 has in fact fulfilled its objectives. Furthermore, it is necessary to determine means, medical or legal, that may possibly advance further the prospective of human rights while maintaining a suitable balance between civil liberties and clinical needs, of over-confinement versus under-treatment, which may lead to neglect or danger.

Folic Acid Deficiency in Chronically Hospitalized Mental Patients

Ivan Fuchs, Leonid Omansky, Yaakov Lerner

Eitanim Mental Health Center, Jerusalem (Affiliated with the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School)

Studies over the past 30 years have shown a relationship between folic acid deficiency and psychopathology. FA deficiency was observed more often in depressed and in psychotic patients, in alcoholics, in those suffering from organic mental disorders and in the psycho-geriatric population. In a chronic inpatient population of 120 patients, of the 106 in whom FA serum levels were examined, only 1 had a definitely subnormal level. An additional 16 had close to the lower limit of normal (2 ng/ml) and were considered borderline cases. FA-deficient and borderline patients were then compared to matched patients with normal FA levels on the MMSE and PANSS scales by blinded raters. Small differences were found between the 2 groups. The FA-deficient and borderline patients had more organic and psychotic symptoms, but the differences were not statistically significant.

Treating Mother and Baby in Conjoint Hospitalization in a Psychiatric Hospital

Shmuel Maizel, Vladislav Fainstein, Sarah K. Katzenelson

Dept. B, Eitanim Mental Health Center, Jerusalem

Since 1990 we have been admitting mothers with postpartum psychiatric morbidity together with their babies to our open psychiatric ward. The aim of conjoint hospitalization is to maintain and develop the bond between mother and baby while treating the mother's psychiatric disorder. The presence of the infant in the hospital allows both a thorough evaluation of the mothers' maternal ability and to use the infant as a facilitator of the mothers' recovery by engaging maternal functions. It prevents the infants from being placed in a foster home for the duration of the mothers' hospitalization. Readily available in Britain and Australia, such conjoint hospitalization is controversial and rarely available elsewhere. In the past 5 years we hospitalized 10 women with 11 babies (1 woman was hospitalized twice, after different births). All women had received psychiatric treatment prior to childbirth, but this was the first psychiatric hospitalization for 2 of them. Diagnoses (DSM-IIIR) were chronic paranoid schizophrenia (4), disorder (4), schizo-affective schizophrenia (1) and borderline disorder (1). 8 were suffering from active psychotic symptoms on admission. They were treated pharmacologically, received individual and group psychotherapy, and participated in all ward activities. Families were engaged in marital, family and/or individual therapy according to need. All participated in cognitive-behavior treatment tailored to individual need to build and enrich the mother-infant bond. All improved significantly and were able to function independently on discharge, but in 1 case adoption was recommended.