שומרון בן-חורין ונורית זקס

מדווח במאמר זה על פרשת חולה בת 54 שנה, שאובחנה בשנת 2001 כלוקה בהישנות אחור-ציפקית של קארצינומת הכרכשת ואושפזה עקב חום וצמרמורת.

בירור מקיף שעברה לא העלה מקור זיהומי, תרביות דם מרובות היו עקרות והתסמינים חלפו כעבור יומיים ממועד התקבלותה. במהלך אישפוזה התברר, כי התסמינים החלו כשעה לאחר שטופלה בזריקה של תכשיר  neytumurin לתוך הווריד על ידי מטפל ברפואה חלופית. תכשיר זה ניתן כחלק משיטת טיפול המכונה טיפול תאי, הדוגלת במתן תמצית פפטידים ממספר איברים שמקורם בחיות-משק, ובכלל זה מבלוטת יותרת-המוח, גזע המוח ועוד.

בפרשת חולה זו מודגם הסיכון הטמון בשיטות טיפול פולשניות של רפואה חלופית שאינן נתונות לפיקוח הולם של רשויות הבריאות.

רינת ירושלמי, אריקה רקובסקי ואהרון סולקס

אישה בת 64, אובחנה כלוקה בסרטן החלה בשנת 1984, טופלה והגיעה למצב של הפוגה מלאה. המחלה נישנתה כעבור שנתיים וחצי. החולה קיבלה טיפול כימי ושוב הושגה נסיגה מלאה של המחלה. כעבור כ-9 שנים ניצפתה עלייה בסמן CA-125, ובאופן טבעי עלה החשד להישנות סרטן השחלה. אולם בבירור שנערך עלה כי האישה לקתה בלימפומה שאיננה הודג'קין (לא"ה) ( NHL– Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma).

בדיווח על פרשת חולה זו ובדיון שלאחריו נתייחס למשמעות העלייה בסמן CA-125 ב-לא"ה. פרשת חולה זו מדגימה כיצד התבססות על סמני מחלת הסרטן עשויה דווקא להטעות את הרופא.

יורם אפשטיין ומיכה לשם

בשנת 2000 נכללו בישראל בניסויי חיה כ-250,000 בעלי-חיים. מרביתם (כ-85%) היו עכברים וחולדות וכ-11% היו עופות. שאר בעלי החיים, ובהם כ-700 ראשי בקר, כ-300 חזירים, כ-350 כלבים וחתולים ו-30 קופים, היוו כ-4% מכלל בעלי-החיים בניסוי. ההכרה שיש לבצע ניסויים בבעלי-חיים תוך הגבלות מוסריות והתנהגותיות נאותו, הביאה את מרבית המתוקנות שבמדינות לפרסם חוקים והוראות, שמטרתם להבטיח שבעלי-חיים אליהם מתייחסות התקנות יקבלו טיפול נכון, ולא יהיו חשופים לכאב וסבל בלתי-נחוצים.

ביביאנה חזן (1), אנטולי צ'רבקוב (2), הדביגה קרנר (3), ראול רז (1)

(1) היח' למחלות זיהומיות, מרכז רפואי העמק, עפולה; (2) נשר מעבדות, שב"כ, מחוז חיפה; (3) מעבדה פתולוגית, מרכז רפואי רמב"ם, חיפה

טפיל הדירופילאריאזיס (dirofilariasis) בכלבים מעל 300 שנה, אך לא עורר התעניינות רבה בהקשר לבני-אדם. בישראל דווח על מקרים ספורים של דירופילאריאזיס בבני-אדם. מאגרים הטפיל כוללים כלבים, חתולים ושועלים, בעוד שבני-אדם משמשים כמאכסנים אקראיים. נשאי המחלה (vectors) הם יתושים ממשפחת ה-Cutex ו-Aedes.

מובאת בזאת פרשת חולה צעירה, ילידת ישראל, עם דירופילאריאזיס (Dirofilaria repens). המאפיינים ההיסטולוגיים של הטפיל המאפשרים את איבחונו הם עובי הקוטיקולה, המורכבת משכבות מרובות, גודל הטפיל, וכן צורת הרכסים האורכיים הנמצאים על-פני שטח גופו ומספרם.

מאחר שהחולה לא יצאה את ישראל ולא ביקרה באזורים כפריים, הרי שפרשת חולה זו צריכה להיחשב כמקרה שנרכש בישראל. כיוון שמאגרי הטפיל והנשאים שלו נפוצים ביותר בישראל, האפשרות של זיהום בבני-אדם קיימת, אך יתכן שחולים אלה אינם מאובחנים במירפאות ראשוניות.

אלכס לבנטל (1), דן גנדקו (1,2)

שירותי בריאות הציבור (1), המח' לאפידמיולוגיה (2), משרד הבריאות

בתוך תקופה של שנה נפטרו בישראל שלושה בני אדם מכלבת, לאחר שהמחלה מוגרה מזה כארבעים שנה. מקרי מוות אלה ממחלה חשוכת מרפא, אך הניתנת למניעה על-ידי מתן חיסון משולב פעיל וסביל, עוררה הדים בתקשורת ובחוגי הרפואה.

המטרה בעבודה זו היא לבחון את דפוסי ההתנהגות של הציבור מחד-גיסא ואת זו של הרופאים המטפלים בלשכות-הבריאות, מאידך-גיסא. זאת נוכח ההישנות של סכנת ההידבקות של בני-אדם בכלבת.

בעבודה זו מודגם כי הציבור, שהעלה את פניותיו ללשכות-הבריאות לאחר כל אירוע כלבת בבעלי-חיים, עשה זאת בצורה מרשימה בעת שנחשף בתקשורת לסכנת ההידבקות בכלבת בשיעור הגבוה עד פי 5 בחודשים הסמוכים לאירוע. זוהי מעין "תגובת דחף" של הציבור לכל חשיפה לאירוע תחלואה בכלבת באמצעי התקשורת. תופעה דומה של עלייה במודעות ניצפתה גם בקרב הרופאים המטפלים, שהעלו את שיעור המחוסנים מ-10% מכלל הפונים עד ל-25% מכלל הפונים. תגובה זו ירדה במשך הזמן למצב שלפני התפרצות הכלבת. במאמר זה מודגשת השפעת התקשורת על העברת מסרים של חינוך לבריאות ותגובת הקהל והמטפלים אליה.

עם זאת יש לזכור, כי חיסונים אלה מהווים מניעה שניונית בלבד, ואילו המניעה הראשונית נמצאת באחריות הרפואה הווטרינרית הציבורית, הכוללת חיסונים של חיות-מחמד, דילדול האוכלוסייה של בעלי-חיים משוטטים (כלבים וחתולים) וחיסון פומי של חיות-בר.

Animal Models of Psychiatric Diseases: Possibilities, Limitations, Examplesand Demonstration of Use

Haim Einat, RH Belmaker

Beer Sheva Mental Health Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel

Animal models of psychopathology serve as a central tool for psychopharmacologists in their attempts to develop new, more efficient medications for psychiatric disorders, and in the efforts to explore the mechanisms of conventional and novel drugs. The development of efficient models for psychiatric diseases is complicated since the mechanisms of the disorders are not clear, major parts of the diagnosis depend on verbal communication with the patient and many of the symptoms are expressed mainly through the subjective experiences of the afflicted individual.

Inspite of these difficulties, effective models were developed for most psychiatric diseases. The development of such models is based on their validation in three different dimensions: face validity - behavioral similarities between the model and the disorder; construct validity - similarities between the mechanisms related to the model and a mechanistic theory of the disease; predictive validity - that the model response to the conventional medications that are effective in the disease and will not respond to drugs that are not effective in the disease.

The present paper presents three known models of depression; each induced in a different way and therefore represents a group of models:

*     Reserpine-induced hypoactivity - represents the group of pharmacologically induced models.

*     Forced swim test - represents the group of behaviorally induced models.

*     Flinders Sensitive Line - represents the group of genetically induced models.

The use of these models in an attempt to examine the range of action of a new potential antidepressant and its mechanisms of action is demonstrated with a recent set of experiments with inositol.

Surgery in Patients over 100 Years of age 5-Year Experience (1995-2000)

Victor Ginzburg¹, Gabriel Szendro¹, Luis Golcman¹, Natan Weksler², Shemuel Yurfest¹, Yefim Charach¹

The Departments of Vascular Surgery¹ and Anesthesiology², Soroka Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheba, Israel

The age distribution of a given national population is of utmost importance when dealing with public health and analyzing the use of various national health facilities. This is based on the totally different use of health sources by different age groups. Despite continuous prolongation of life expectancy and the related aging of the western hospitalized population the sub-group of patients over 100 year old of age is unusual demographically and accounts for only a very small portion of the total number of patients hospitalized in surgical wards. During the 5 year experience between 1995 and 2000 seventeen such patients were admitted to our surgical departments. Eight of those underwent 11 operations with zero peri-operative mortality and no significant complications. These 11 operations in this elderly population are the basis of our report.

Marked Creatine-Phosphokinase Elevation in Myopathy after Treatment with Bezafibrate

G. Slobodin, D. Yeshurun

Medicine A Dept. and Hyperlipidemia Clinic, Bnai Zion Medical Center,Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Technion-Institute of Technology, Haifa

Bezafibrate is a fibric acid derivative which has been widely used in the past 15 years. Recent studies have elucidated much of its mechanism of action, which mainly results in reduction of VLDL and triglyceride levels and in elevation of HDL. The drug is relatively safe and its side-effects well known, mild, and reversible.

The most severe side-effect is myositis, varying from mild flu-like symptoms to rhabdomyolysis, which is extremely rare. The underlying situations most frequently associated with bezafibrate-induced myositis are renal insufficiency and concomitant treatment with certain other drugs.

We describe 2 women who developed severe myositis with bezafibrate treatment. 1, aged 43, who had moderate diabetes but no renal insufficiency, was treated with metformin and warfarin, which can interact with bezafibrate and affect its metabolism. The other, aged 54, had renal insufficiency and was on home peritoneal dialysis. Her bezafibrate dose had been increased because of very high triglyceride levels.

The aim of the study is to call attention to this significant side-effect of benzafibrate and to ways of preventing it.

Identifying the Elderly at Risk for Falling 

D. Galinsky, V. Fried, A. Biderman, J. Cwikel, Y. Ben Moshe

Geriatric Dept., Soroka University Hospital and Depts. of Family Medicine and of Social Work, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; and ESHEL, Beer Sheba

Falling is one of the main problems affecting the health of the elderly. A community project was carried out to detect elderly people at high risk for falls. One of its aims was also to develop tools allowing primary care professionals to detect the elderly at risk for falling. Such a screening test in the community-dwelling elderly (EFST) and a protocol for diagnosis and treatment of the elderly at risk for falls is presented.

Equine Rhodococcus Equi Pneumonia: First Report in Israel and its Significance for Man

A. Steinman, G.A. Sutton, D. Elad

Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem; and Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan

Rhodococcus equi is an important pathogen in young horses. In recent years it has been increasingly recognized as an opportunistic infectious agent in patients with immune deficiency. The increase in recognized cases may be related to the increased prevalence of AIDS. However, more cases may have been recognized lately due to increased awareness of the pathogenicity of this bacterium. Based on medical reports, there appears to be an association between Rhodococcus equi infections and exposure to animals, horses in particular.

During the past year, 2 cases of rhodococcus pneumonia were diagnosed in foals in Israel. This information deserves the attention of the local medical community because of the zoonotic potential of Rhodococcus equi and the danger of its becoming more common. The climate in Israel is conducive to its growth and viability and since it flourishes in an environment with horses, the significant growth in our equine industry in recent years may contribute to an increase in Rhodococcus infections.

CT-Guided Excision of Osteoid Osteoma

A. Peyser, S. Porat, T. Sasson, J. Apelbaum, J. Bar-Ziv, E. Sucher

Orthopedic Surgery and Radiology Depts., Hadassah University Hospital, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem

CT-guided excision of osteoid osteoma is a new surgical technique that enables accurate resection of the nidus during 1-day hospitalization. We present 5-year results in 42 patients (26 males and 16 females, mean age 18 years, range 3-46). In 40 out of 42, complaints disappeared immediately after the procedure. The recovery period was short and the return to normal activity was faster than in the open surgical approach. Complications were minimal and transient.

Reactive Increase in Blood Pressure on Immobilization, but not Hypertension, Prevents Pressure Ulcers

Vladimir Shats, Silvio Kozacov

Geriatric Dept., Rebecca Sieff Hospital, Safed

Of 135 geriatric patients immobilized for at least 2 days, 37 (27.4%) had pressure ulcers (PU). Those without PU were the control comparison group. Gender, length of immobilization, number of blood pressure determinations and proportion with hypertension were similar in those with and without PU. Those with PU were slightly older than those in the comparison group: 75.5±8.8 and 74.7±9.6 years, respectively (p>0.05).

Of 66 patients with acute ischemic stroke, reactive increase of systolic or diastolic blood pressure to 140/90 mm Hg or above following immobilization, was seen in 60.6% and 22.7% of patients, respectively, and there were PU in 12.1%. Of 17 with recurrent ischemic stroke, corresponding figures were: 41.2%, 23.5% (p>0.05), and 47.1% (p<0.01). In 7 patients with previous ischemic stroke corresponding figures were: 14.3% and 0% (p<0.01) and 100% (p<0.001). In 36 operated for fracture of the femur, corresponding figures were: 50%, 11.1% (p>0.05), and 27.8% (p>0.05). For 9 patients with severe infections, sepsis or pneumonia, the corresponding figures were: 22.2% and 0.0% (p>0.05), and 44.4% (p<0.04).

The proportion of patients with reactive increase in systolic blood pressure on immobilization was lower in the PU group than in the controls, 27% vs 59.2%, (p<0.001). The corresponding figures for reactive increase in diastolic blood pressure were similar, 8.1% and 20.4%, respectively (p>0.05).

The mean systolic blood pressure on immobilization was higher in the control than in the PU group, 145.4±21.7 and 130.8±14.9 mm Hg, respectively (p<0.001). The corresponding figures for the mean diastolic blood pressure were similar, 81.2±10.5 and 75.7±8.9 mm Hg, respectively (p<0.01). An increase in systolic blood pressure on immobilization reduced the risk of developing PU (p<0.05).

There was no significant statistical relation between diagnosis of hypertension and proportion of patients with PU (p>0.05). Of 67 patients with hypertension, in 23.9% and 74.6% of them there was no increase in systolic or diastolic blood pressure, respectively. Statistical difference between lack of diastolic or systolic response was very significant (p<0.001).

Reactive increase of blood pressure, but not hypertension, predicts reduced risk of PU on immobilization in the hospitalized elderly. Diminished reactive increase of blood pressure in response to stress of any kind may be a criterion of frailty and reduced physiological reserves. Efforts to reduce elevated blood pressure when a patient is immobilized appear irrational.

Professional Assessment of Senior Immigrant Physicians

N. Notzer, M.I. Zibziner, J. Shemer, M. Ravid

Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

Israel has absorbed many immigrant physicians and has utilized their skills without compromising local professional standards. In accordance with this policy a special law for the assessment of the licensing of senior immigrant physicians, mainly from the former Soviet Union, who had practiced medicine for at least 14 years was implemented in 1994.

Considering their considerable medical experience on the one hand and their lack of experience in speaking Hebrew or undergoing testing techniques, they were exempted from the written national licensing examination. Instead they were obliged to undergo a 6-month clinical observation period in a local hospital or clinic.

At the end of this period a letter of confirmation was issued which was followed by an oral assessment of their clinical ability. In the assessment session, each candidate was presented with written presentations of 4 typical clinical cases which practitioners encounter on a daily basis, in family medicine, emergency medicine, surgery, and pediatrics or gerontology. Of 114 cases prepared, 4 were selected for each candidate by the committee of 13 trained, experienced Israeli physicians.

3 members of the committee assessed each candidate using specified criteria. The assessment, which lasted about an hour, focused on the candidates' professional knowledge involved in differential diagnosis and case management.

Of 497 candidates examined between 1994 and 1996, approximately 80% passed in their first attempt. However, about 30% of the invited candidates did not appear for the exam. Characteristics of successful candidates were being young and being among the seniors with the least clinical experience. Most had specialized in internal medicine and had completed their observation period in a non-academic hospital. There they had received somewhat more attention than those who had been in academic hospitals. Significantly, the successful candidates were more proficient in Hebrew than the unsuccessful candidates, and reported no special problems during the observation period.

Islet Autoantibody Assays in Type I Diabetes can Replace ICA Test

Daniel Lazar, Naomi Weintrob, Natalia Abramov, Sara Assa, Konstantin Bloch, Regina Ofan, Hadassa Ben-Zaken, Pnina Vardi

Institute for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petah Tikva and Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University

Islet cell antibodies (ICA) continue to serve as the basis of the principal serological test for definition of active autoimmunity of beta-cells. Its disadvantages are the need for human pancreatic tissue and difficulty in obtaining quantitative results. In the past decade biochemically-defined beta-cell antigens were described, leading to the development of sensitive and specific autoantibody assays, to predict insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). We examined the value of combined biochemically-based serological assays, such as autoantibodies to insulin (IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA) and ICA512 (ICA512A) to replace the traditional ICA assay.

Blood samples of 114 newly diagnosed IDDM patients, aged 12‏5 yrs (range 2 months - 29 years) were tested for ICA (indirect immunofluorescence), IAA, GADA and ICA512A (radiobinding assay). The latter 2 assays were performed using recombinant human [35S]-labeled antigen produced by in vitro transcription/translation. We found that fewer sera scored positive for ICA and/or IAA (80.7%, 92/114) than for 1 or more of IAA, GAD, or ICA512 (88.6%, 101/114). We conclude that combined testing for IAA, GAD and ICA512 can replace the traditional ICA/IAA test to predict IDDM and is helpful in the differential diagnosis of insulin-dependent and noninsulin-dependent diabetes.