ליביו פרידמן, גלינה גודוביק וליאוניד אידלמן

תיסמונת הורנר דווחה בעבר כסיבוך של אילחוש על-קשיתי במהלך לידה. בכל הסיבוכים שהתרחשו טיפלו המחברים ב-bupivacaine במינון 0.5%-0.25%. לאחרונה רווח הטיפול ביכוזים נמוכים יותר של תרופה זו לצורך אילחוש על-קשיתי.

במאמר זה מדווח לראשונה על שתי יולדות עם תיסמונת הורנר שטופלו ב- bupivacaine מהול במינון נמוך. בעקבות פרשות החולות הללו וסקירת הספרות הרפואית בנושא, נמצא שבהיעדר סימנים אחרים של פגיעה במערכת העצבים, ולאחר שלילת הזרקה תת-קשיתי בלידה למרות התיסמונת. אין צורך בביצוע בדיקות מלבד בדיקה גופנית במהלך 24 השעות הראשונות, מאחר שהתיסמונת חולפת בדרך-כלל בפרק זמן זה.

אליעזר ויצטום וולדימיר לרנר

אחת הסוגיות הקשות העולות מדי פעם לדיון ציבורי היא בריאותם הגופנית והנפשית של מנהיגים. בניגוד למצבו של האדם הרגיל שבשעה שהוא חולה המידע על מצבו משקף את מצבו האמיתי, וכשמצבו הרפואי או הנפשי אינו מאפשר בתפקידים מסויימים (לדוגמה, טייס, נהג ברכב ציבורי, רופא) הוא מושעה מתפקידו, הרי לא כך המצב לגבי מנהיגים. המידע על מחלתם נשאר במקרים רבים סודי, במיוחד כשמדובר בהפרעות שיש בהן אות קלון כמו מחלות מין או הפרעות נפשיות.

אחת התוצאות של הסתרת המידע כזה היא המשך תיפקודם של מנהיגים חולים למרות שאינם כשירים. מצויות דוגמאות רבות מפורסמות לכך, כמו נשיאי ארצות הברית שחלו, החל מ-וילסון וכלה ב-רייגן, או מנהיגים מפורסמים כמו וינסטון צרצ'יל באנגליה ו-מאו צה טונג בסין, ובישראל ראשי הממשלה לוי אשכול  וגולדה מאיר, שמחלתם ופרטיה הוסתרו. מעניין לציין שנשיא ארה"ב דאז לינדון ג'ונסון הביע בנאום לקונגרם את הדעה שהביטחון הלאומי מחייב נשיא חולה או לא מתפקד להמשיך בתפקידו. במאמר זה נעסוק בדוגמה אחת כזו – מחלתו של לנין. בזמן האחרון נוסף מידע רב על מחלתו, ובעקבות זאת פורסמו מאמרים עם פירוש חלקי למידע הקיים בנושא זה.

אהרן לרנר ורענן שמיר

הקשר בין הגנוטיפ לפנוטיפ של מחלה המועברת בתורשה מנדלית, חזק יותר בהשוואה למחלות על רקע אוטואימוני. באלה האחרונות, בנוסף לתורשה הפוליגנית, משפיעים הגורמים הסביבתיים על מהלך ההתבטאות הקלינית, צורתה, היקפה ושכיחותה. איתור הגורמים הסביבתיים מורכב הרבה יותר מאשר מציאת הגנים הגורמים למחלה, בפרט בעידן של פיענוח גנום האדם.

Management of Compound High Energy Injuries of the Limbs 

A. Lerner, I. Weisz, G. Nierenberg, D. Horer, H. Stein

Dept. of Orthopedic Surgery A, Rambam Medical Center, and Technion Medical Faculty, Haifa

We treated 49 patients with high energy injuries of the limbs between 1.1.94-31.12.97. They had sustained 61 fractures, 50 of which were open; 14 had bilateral injuries, and 3 had lost a limb. All fractures were stabilized on arrival with an A-O tubular external fixator. Soft tissue loss was covered by a combination of split skin graft and tissue flaps following repeated surgical debridement.

After 10 days, or when all soft tissue defects were covered, the cantilever external fixation frame was exchanged for a hybrid ring which provided three-dimensional stability and allowed early full weight bearing and joint mobilization. The hybrid ring frame did not interfere with the care of soft tissue injuries. Furthermore, it kept the risk of developing deep infections to a bare minimum. At follow-up after a median of 20 months, 1 patient had developed osteomyelitis but all had returned to independent function.

Symptom Severity among Chronic Schizophrenics in Hospital and in the Community

Haim Y. Knobler, Dorit Ben Ami, Orna Intrator, Shlomit Katz, Daniela Moshe, Yaacov Lerner

Jerusalem Mental Health Center, Falk Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Studies, and Dept. of Statistics, Hebrew Universitry of Jeruselam

We compared severity of symptoms of chronic schizophrenics in a psychiatric hospital with those treated in its outpatient clinics.

The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Mini-Mental State examination were used to assess the schizophrenic symptoms and cognitperformance, respectively, of 25 chronic schizophrenic inpatients matched for gender, age and education with 25 chronic scoutpatients. The Global Assessment Scale and the Clinical Global Impression Scale were used to test global functioning. Assessment included psychiatric and medical history and treatment and demographic characteristics.

In-patients had significantly more positive, negative and general psychiatric symptoms. Their cognitive and general functioning were impaired. Most in-patients also had medical problems. Age of onset of schizophrenia among the in-patients was younger.

Results show a marked difference in severity of symptoms and level of functioning between chronic schizophrenic in-patients and out-patients. These differences should be considered in the planning of discharge of chronic in-patients from psychiatric hospitals into the community.

Ilizarov Reconstructive Surgery in Complex Problems of the Musculoskeletal System

H. Shtarker, G. Volpin, A. Lerner, H. Stein, S. Wientroub, D. Hendel

Depts. of Orthopedic Surgery, Western Galilee Hospital, Naharyia, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Dana Children Hospital, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, and Rabin Medical Center (Golda Campus, and Hasharon Hospital), Petah Tikva

The Ilizarov technique is an important modality of reconstructive surgery for limb deformities, such as malunion and nonunion of fractures, persistent osteomyelitis, and bone loss following complex limb injuries, as well as in limb- lengthening procedures. It has received wide recognition in the Western world over the past decade. In MEDLINE we found 537 articles published between 1971-1995 that describe the use of this technique. Of these, only 18 were published between 1971-1975, while 261 were published between 1991-1995.

The present paper describes the developments and updates in this method, as a result of the large experience gained by the authors in a number of centers in Israel using this technique. The Ilizarov apparatus is a circular frame that allows accurate control, much more than any other external fixator, during correction of limb deformities and limb-lengthening. It is minimally invasive, and open techniques and use of internal hardware and bone grafts are not needed.

Based on our experience, we suggest that this method requires careful preoperative planning and meticulous surgical technique. More important, cooperation between surgeon and patient throughout the lengthy treatment is a prerequisite to ensure complete success, even in the most complicated cases.

Alcoholic Delirium: Warning Signs and Diagnosis

Eliezer Witztum, Izhak Z. Ben-Zion, Vladimir Lerner

Community Mental Health Center; and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba

Lately an increasing number of physicians are asked to diagnose and treat physical and mental disorders caused by alcohol abuse, a phenomena which had been quite rare in Israel until recently.

Early diagnosis and efficient treatment are essential for the management of alcohol-dependent patients. Primary care physicians and hospital personnel should be more alert to the growing numbers of alcohol abusers and to their appropriate diagnosis and treatment. This article describes and summarizes the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal in general, and alcoholic delirium in particular. Problems in diagnosis and treatment are illustrated by typical cases, pointing out early clinical warning signs and suggesting some treatment guidelines.

The Current Compulsory Hospitalization Order and Patients' Rights

Y. Bar-el, R. Durst, J Mazar, J. Rabinowitz, Y. Lerner, H.Y. Knobler

Office of Jerusalem District Psychiatrist; Jerusalem Mental Health Center, Kfar Shaul Hospital; Mental Health Services, Israel Ministry of Health; School of Social Work, Bar-Ilan University; and Falk Institute for Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences, Kfar Shaul (Affiliated with the Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School)

Israel's "Treatment of Mentally Sick Persons Law" of 1955 was repealed and replaced by the "Treatment of Mental Patients Law" of 1991. Under the latter, the "Compulsory Hospitalization Order" (CHO) defines the new order based on accumulated experience with the old legislation, and on the philosophy that considers the CHO one of the most severely oppressive forms of deprivation of human liberty and rights. The new order sets limits and boundaries for CHO, guarding the rights of those unavoidably committed by force. According to the new law, the district psychiatrist decides upon and issues the order, while the tribunal (District Psychiatric Committee) considers appeals. The order is limited to 1 week, with an option for the district psychiatrist to prolong it on written request for up to 14 days. The tribunal can later prolong the order further.

The objective of this study was to review changes that have occurred following enforcement of the new law in the Jerusalem district. A comparison was made between CHO's issued the year before the new legislation took effect and the year after. The comparison included review of all CHO's and medical files of all patients hospitalized by coercion during 1990 and 1992. It was assumed that there would be a decline in rate and length of hospitalization of patients forced to be committed by the new law.

The main findings refuted this hypothesis. In 1992 there was an increase of 38% in the number of compulsory hospitalizations. This increase derived mainly from increased demands for CHO's from psychiatric emergency rooms. There was also an increase in patients hospitalized by order of the District Psychiatric Committee using its authority under section 10(C) of the law.

Conversely, length of compulsory hospitalization was shorter under the new law.

In light of these findings, it would seem that the new law has only partially fulfilled expectations of reform in individual rights. There is need for further evaluation and follow-up of the CHO in order to determine whether the "Treatment of Mental Patients Law" of 1991 has in fact fulfilled its objectives. Furthermore, it is necessary to determine means, medical or legal, that may possibly advance further the prospective of human rights while maintaining a suitable balance between civil liberties and clinical needs, of over-confinement versus under-treatment, which may lead to neglect or danger.

Folic Acid Deficiency in Chronically Hospitalized Mental Patients

Ivan Fuchs, Leonid Omansky, Yaakov Lerner

Eitanim Mental Health Center, Jerusalem (Affiliated with the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School)

Studies over the past 30 years have shown a relationship between folic acid deficiency and psychopathology. FA deficiency was observed more often in depressed and in psychotic patients, in alcoholics, in those suffering from organic mental disorders and in the psycho-geriatric population. In a chronic inpatient population of 120 patients, of the 106 in whom FA serum levels were examined, only 1 had a definitely subnormal level. An additional 16 had close to the lower limit of normal (2 ng/ml) and were considered borderline cases. FA-deficient and borderline patients were then compared to matched patients with normal FA levels on the MMSE and PANSS scales by blinded raters. Small differences were found between the 2 groups. The FA-deficient and borderline patients had more organic and psychotic symptoms, but the differences were not statistically significant.

The Homeless and the Health System: Profile of the Homeless Patient

J. Posen, N. Tanai, S. Spiro, D. Frumer

Social Work Dept., Ichilov Hospital, Tel Aviv and Faculty of Social Work, Tel Aviv University

The homeless population is mobile and does not use ambulatory health care services. Thus the major contact between the homeless and the medical establishment occurs primarily when they are treated for acute symptoms in hospital. We describe the clinical and sociodemographic profile of the homeless who require hospital services. The research population included 50 homeless treated in the emergency room and various departments of our medical center between October 1994 and August 1995. Social workers used a questionnaire relating to clinical, sociodemographic and social factors. Most patients were men, 76% under the age of 50. The most common diagnosis was alcoholism; other diagnoses included back, limb and joint injuries, infections, skin diseases, and general exhaustion. There were subgroups with differing needs within this homeless population for which appropriate rehabilitation programs are proposed.